Enhancing the EU's sustainable transition through integrative forms of governance: a whole-of-government approach to sustainable policy making

Jonas Meuleman Fadel Abou-Zeid
Persbericht

Geïntegreerd klimaatbeleid: de toekomst voor de duurzame transitie?

Oorspronkelijk artikel

Geïntegreerd klimaatbeleid

De toekomst voor een duurzame transitie?

 

De klimaatveranderingen en de aantasting van het milieu zijn tegenwoordig ook voor de gewone mens niet langer een "ver-van-mijn-bed-show." Over de gehele wereld is er een continue trend van schokken in de natuur die ons allemaal treft. Hoe komt het dat ondanks het aandringende en ernstige karakter van de milieu-en klimaatproblematieken er toch geen tastbare vooruitgang te merken is?  Hedendaagse artikels en rapporten laten het dan ook na meer dan een negatief toekomstbeeld te scheppen. De vraag roept zich al snel op waar de oorzaak hiervan ligt. Heerst er een te incrementeel kortetermijndenken binnen de politieke sferen om eigenbelangen te verdedigen? Wordt hierdoor elke vorm van transformatief beleid afgeremd? Is het wel aangeraden om klimaatbeleid te transformeren en over te schakelen op langetermijndenken?

Om een antwoord te bieden op deze vragen spitste ons onderzoek zich toe op het aan belang winnend concept van geïntegreerd klimaat- en milieubeleid. Deze groeiende interesse in het veld valt echter nauwelijks op te merken in de beleidspraktijk van de Europese Unie (EU). Deze masterproef probeert te identificeren welke factoren leiden tot de implementatie van beleidsintegratie in de EU, het supranationale orgaan die momenteel het globale voortouw neemt op vlak van klimaat en milieu.

De vereisten en analyse van beleidsintegratie

Beleidsintegratie is een administratief besluitvormingsproces, gedoeld op het behalen van een overkoepelende politieke doelstelling die beleidsdoelstellingen over verschillende domeinen heen integreert. Beleidsintegratie wordt binnen de literatuur gezien als een beweging tegen de versnippering van het overheidswerken en streeft naar een alomvattende aanpak om complexe (milieu)problemen op te lossen. De literatuur was echter onduidelijk over welke factoren aanwezig moeten zijn om beleidsintegratie te bekomen. Vandaar dat deze masterproef de causale patronen heeft onderzocht binnen elf cases, waarin beleidsintegratie voorkwam, binnen de lidstaten van de EU. Die patronen gaven ons inzicht in aan welke voorwaarden voldaan dienen te worden om het fenomeen van integratie te bekomen. Dit deden we via een kwalitatieve vergelijkende analyse, ook wel Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) genoemd. Het gaat over een methode die het toelaat om patronen van 'noodzakelijkheid' en 'toereikendheid' te identificeren binnen een dataset en haar uitkomst, zijnde beleidsintegratie in dit geval. Door deze methode waren we in staat gesteld om kwalitatieve data uit beleidsdocumenten te harmoniseren als een kwantitatieve dataset, om zo tot conclusies te komen.

Uit een grondige literatuurstudie en een secundaire analyse bleek alvast dat een duurzame transformatie van het systeem, en in onze manier van denken, een essentie vormde om de duurzame transitie binnen de EU mogelijk te maken. De politieke dimensie werd eveneens als belangrijk aanschouwd vanwege haar dominante positie binnen elke fase van de beleidscyclus. Dit werd onder meer bevestigd door de analyse van de resultaten uit de QCA. We hebben vastgesteld dat de complexe aard van beleidsintegratie tot uiting komt in het aantal factoren dat kan worden gecombineerd om het tot stand te brengen. Tot de meest prominente factoren behoorden een sterk politiek verhaal en engagement voor het ontwikkelen van duurzame beleidsvorming en integratieve bestuurshervormingen. Daarnaast komen de acties die zijn ondernomen om een systemische en duurzame overgang te bevorderen. Andere factoren omvatten de aanwezigheid van rapportage- en leermiddelen, en de betrokkenheid van belanghebbenden.

De vergankelijkheid van tijd en mens

Deze masterproef concludeert dat er een duidelijk argument kan worden aangevoerd voor de potentiële versterkende kracht van integratieve vormen van governance voor de Europese duurzame transitie. Ondanks de sterke aanwijzing op het versterkend effect van geïntegreerde governance, is het belangrijk om aan te halen hoe sterk de perceptie van beleidsmakers hierin een rol speelt. Gezien de ontwikkelingen in het beleid en de perceptie ervan in de Europese Unie, blijkt hoe veranderlijk beleidsmakers zijn in hun aanpak of perceptie naarmate de tijd verstrijkt. Hoewel de tijd schaars is, blijken we alsmaar meer tijd nodig te hebben om onszelf, onze problemen, maar ook hoe we problemen percipiëren te begrijpen.

 

Jonas Meuleman & Fadel Abou-Zeid

 

Bibliografie

Adelle, C., & Nilsson, M. (2015). Environmental Policy Integration. In P. H. Pattberg & F. Zelli (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Governance and Politics (pp. 454–461). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782545798

Adelle, C., & Russel, D. (2013). Climate Policy Integration: a Case of Déjà Vu? Environmental Policy and Governance, 23(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1601

Agee, J. (2009). Developing qualitative research questions: a reflective process. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 22(4), 431–447. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390902736512

Ahmad, I. H. (2009). Climate Policy Integration: Towards Operationalization (73). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2009/wp73_2009.pdf

Alford, J., & Head, B. W. (2017). Wicked and less wicked problems: a typology and a contingency framework. Policy and Society, 36(3), 397–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2017.1361634

Barbier, E. B., & Burgess, J. C. (2017). The Sustainable Development Goals and the systems approach to sustainability. Economics, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2017-28

Basurto, X., & Speer, J. (2012). Structuring the Calibration of Qualitative Data as Sets for Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). Field Methods, 24(2), 155–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822x11433998

Baulenas, E., & Sotirov, M. (2020). Cross-sectoral policy integration at the forest and water nexus: National level instrument choices and integration drivers in the European Union. Forest Policy and Economics, 118, 102247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102247

Befani, B. (2013). Between complexity and generalization: Addressing evaluation challenges with QCA. Evaluation, 19(3), 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474022213493839

Bolleyer, N. (2011). The Influence of Political Parties on Policy Coordination. Governance, 24(3), 469–494. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2011.01531.x

Candel, J. J. L., & Biesbroek, R. (2016). Toward a processual understanding of policy integration. Policy Sciences, 49(3), 211–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-016-9248-y

Candel, J. J. L., Breeman, G. E., & Termeer, C. J. (2015). The European Commission’s ability to deal with wicked problems: an in-depth case study of the governance of food security. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(6), 789–813. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2015.1068836

Candel, J.J.L. (2019). The expediency of policy integration. Policy Studies, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2019.1634191

Cejudo, G. M., & Michel, C. L. (2019, June). Instruments for policy integration. https://www.ippapublicpolicy.org/file/paper/5d0d70eeb9068.pdf

Cejudo, G. M., & Michel, C. L. (2021). Instruments for Policy Integration: How Policy Mixes Work Together. SAGE Open, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211032161

Cepeda, G., & Martin, D. (2005). A review of case studies publishing in Management Decision 2003‐2004. Management Decision, 43(6), 851–876. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740510603600

Chesebro, J. W., & Borisoff, D. J. (2007). What Makes Qualitative Research Qualitative? Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 8(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17459430701617846

Christensen, T & Lægreid, P. (2006, August). The Whole-of-Government Approach – Regulation, Performance, and Public-Sector Reform. (Working Paper No. 6). http://caid.ca/WhoofGovApr2006.pdf

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications. http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/CRESWELLQualitative-Inquary-and-Research-Design-Creswell.pdf

D’Alfonso, A. (2019, October). Mainstreaming of climate action in the EU budget: Impact of a political objective. Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (EPRS) of the Secretariat of the European Parliament. https://doi.org/10.2861/469

De Rynck, F., Hondeghem, A., Van Dooren, W., Verschuere, B., & Op de Beeck, S. (Eds.). (2017). Handboek Bestuurskunde: Organisatie en werking van het openbaar bestuur. Brugge, Belgium: Vanden Broele.

Delreux, T., & Ohler, F. (2019). Climate Policy in European Union Politics. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics (pp. 1–29). https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1097

Duckett, D., Feliciano, D., Martin-Ortega, J., & Munoz-Rojas, J. (2016). Tackling wicked environmental problems: The discourse and its influence on praxis in Scotland. Landscape and Urban Planning, 154, 44–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.03.015

Dupont, C. (2010). Climate Policy Integration in the EU. In W. L. Filho (Ed.), The Economic, Social and Political Elements of Climate Change (pp. 385–404). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14776-0_25

Dupont, C. (2011). Climate Policy Integration in the EU. In W. L. Filho (Ed.), The Economic, Social and Political Elements of Climate Change (pp. 385–404). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14776-0_25

Dupont, C. (2016). Climate policy integration into EU energy policy : progress and prospects. London: Routledge.

Dupont, C., & Jordan, A. (2021). Policy Integration [E-book]. In A. Jordan & V. Gravey (Eds.), Environmental Policy in the EU: Actors, Institutions and Processes (4th ed., p. 203-219). Routledge.

Dupont, C., & Oberthür, S. (2012). Insufficient climate policy integration in EU energy policy: the importance of the long-term perspective. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 8(2), 228–247. https://www.jcer.net/index.php/jcer/article/view/474

European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency [CINEA]. (n.d.). LIFE. European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency. https://cinea.ec.europa.eu/life_nl

European Commission. (2016a). Sustainable Development: EU sets out its priorities. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_16_3883

European Commission. (2016b). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: “Next steps for a sustainable European future”. COM(2016) 739.

European Commission. (2019b). EU as a global leader. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/attachment/860252/EU_as_a_global_leader_en.pdf.pdf

European Commission. (n.d.-a). EU holistic approach to sustainable development. EU Holistic Approach to Sustainable Development. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/international-strategies/sustainable-development-goals/eu-holistic-approach-sustainable-development_en

European Commission. (n.d.-b). Supporting climate action through the EU budget. Climate Action - European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/budget/mainstreaming_en

European Economic and Social Committee. (2019). Europe must become a global leader in sustainable development. https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/news-media/press-releases/europe-must-become-global-leader-sustainable-development

European Environment Agency [EEA]. (2016, December). Sustainability transitions:Now for the long term (No. Eionet report , No 1/2016). https://doi.org/10.2800/096291

European Environment Agency [EEA]. (2019a). The European environment — state and outlook 2020. Knowledge for transition to a sustainable Europe. Publications Office of the European Union. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/soer-2020

European Environment Agency [EEA]. (2019b). Sustainability transitions: policy and practice (No. 09/2009). https://doi.org/10.2800/641030 [Lead authors: F. Geels, B. Turnheim, M. Asquith, F. Kern, P. Kivimaa.]

European Environment Agency [EEA]. (2020, July). Drivers of change of relevance for Europe’s environment and sustainability (No 25/2019). https://doi.org/10.2800/129404

European Environment Agency [EEA]. (2021, July 20). Building the foundations for fundamental change. European Environment Agency. https://www.eea.europa.eu/articles/building-the-foundations-for-fundamental-change

Fischer, M., & Maggetti, M. (2016). Qualitative Comparative Analysis and the Study of Policy Processes. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 19(4), 345–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2016.1149281

Fitzgerald, J. B. (2019). Equifinality and Pathways to Environmental Concern: A Fuzzy-Set Analysis. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 5, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023119872412

Gabrielian, V., Yang, K., & Spice, S. (2008). Qualitative Research Methods. In K. Yang & G. J. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration (2nd ed., pp. 141–168). Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420013276

Goertz, G. (2006). Social Science Concepts: A User’s Guide. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400842995

Goundar, S. (2012, May). Research Methodology and Research Method: Methods Commonly Used By Researchers. Victoria University of Wellington. https://prallagon.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Research-Methodology-A2.pdf

Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research. In Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105–117). Thousand Oaks, Canada: SAGE Publications. https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/PPP356/Guba%20%26%20Lincoln%201994.pdf

Guest, G., Namey, E. E., & Mitchell, M. L. (Eds.). (2013). Chapter 1 | Qualitative Research: Defining and Designing. In Collecting Qualitative Data: A Field Manual for Applied Research (p. 1). Thousand Oaks, Canada: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506374680.n1

Head, B. W. (2008). Wicked problems in public policy. Public policy3(2), 101-118.

Heaton, J. (2008). Secondary analysis of qualitative data: an overview. Historical Social Research, 33(3), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.33.2008.3.33-45

Herodes, M., Adelle, C., & Pallemaerts, M. (2007b). Environmental Policy Integration and Modes of Governance—A Literature Review (EPIGOV Paper No. 3). Institute for International and European Environmental Policy Berlin. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237556527_Environmental_Policy_Integration_and_Modes_of_Governance-A_Literature_Review

Hertin, J., Jacob, K., & Volkery, A. (2008). Policy Appraisal. In A. J. Jordan & A. Lenschow (Eds.), Innovation in environmental policy?: Integrating the environment for sustainability (pp. 114–133). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781848445062.00018

Hogl, K., & Nordbeck, R. (2012). The Challenge of Coordination: Bridging Horizontal and Vertical Boundaries. In K. Hogl, E. Kvarda, R. Nordbeck, & M. Pregernig (Eds.), Environmental Governance (pp. 111–132). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849806077.00015

Hondeghem, A. (2017). Van bureaucratie over New Public Management naar New Public Governance. In F. de Rynck, A. Hondeghem, W. van Dooren, B. Verschuere, & S. op de Beeck (Eds.), Handboek Bestuurskunde: Organisatie en werking van het openbaar bestuur (2nd ed., pp. 131–167). Vanden Broele.

Hope, K. (2001). The new public management: context and practice in Africa. International Public Management Journal, 4(2), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1096-7494(01)00053-8

Hopkins, T. S., Bailly, D., Elmgren, R., Glegg, G., Sandberg, A., & Støttrup, J. G. (2012). A Systems Approach Framework for the Transition to Sustainable Development: Potential Value Based on Coastal Experiments. Ecology and Society, 17(3). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26269096

Huttmanová, E., & Valentiny, T. (2019). Assessment of the Economic Pillar and Environmental Pillar of Sustainable Development in the European Union. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(2), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n2p289

Johnston, M. P. (2017). Secondary Data Analysis: A Method of which the Time Has Come. Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries, 3(3), 619–626. http://www.qqml-journal.net/index.php/qqml/article/view/169

Jordan, A., & Lenschow, A. (2010). Environmental policy integration: a state of the art review. Environmental Policy and Governance, 20(3), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.539

Karré, P. M., Alford, J., van der Steen, M., & van Twist, M. (2012). Whole of government in theory and practice: An exploratory account of how Australian and Dutch governments deal with wicked problems in an integrated way. In M. Fenger & V. J. J. M. Bekkers (Eds.), Beyond Fragmentation and Interconnectivity (pp. 97–113). Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-998-1-97

Kidd, C. V. (1992). The evolution of sustainability. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 5(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01965413

Korstjens, I., & Moser, A. (2017). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 4: Trustworthiness and publishing. European Journal of General Practice, 24(1), 120–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1375092

Krook, M. L. (2010). Women’s Representation in Parliament: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Political Studies, 58(5), 886–908. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2010.00833.x

Kuhlmann, S., & Wollmann, H. (2019). Introduction to Comparative Public Administration (2nd ed.). Edward Elgar Publishing.

Legewie, N. (2013). An Introduction to Applied Data Analysis with Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-14.3.1961

Loorbach, D. (2010). Transition Management for Sustainable Development: A Prescriptive, Complexity-Based Governance Framework. Governance, 23(1), 161–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2009.01471.x

Loorbach, D., Frantzeskaki, N., & Avelino, F. (2017). Sustainability Transitions Research: Transforming Science and Practice for Societal Change. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 42(1), 599–626. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021340

Maddison, S., & Denniss, R. (2013). Models and theory for understanding policy. In An Introduction to Australian Public Policy: Theory and Practice (pp. 70-86). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107255920.006

Marx, A., Rihoux, B., & Ragin, C. (2013). The origins, development, and application of Qualitative Comparative Analysis: the first 25 years. European Political Science Review, 6(1), 115–142. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755773912000318

Meadowcroft, J. (2007). Who is in Charge here? Governance for Sustainable Development in a Complex World*. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 9(3–4), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/15239080701631544

Meadowcroft, J. (2011). Engaging with the politics of sustainability transitions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 1(1), 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2011.02.003

Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (Eds.). (2015). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Meuleman, L., & Niestroy, I. (2015). Common But Differentiated Governance: A Metagovernance Approach to Make the SDGs Work. Sustainability, 7(9), 12295–12321. https://doi.org/10.3390/su70912295

Munck Af Rosenschöld, J., Rozema, J. G., & Frye-Levine, L. A. (2014). Institutional inertia and climate change: a review of the new institutionalist literature. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 5(5), 639–648. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.292

Nilsson, M., & Persson, A. (2003). Framework for analysing environmental policy integration. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 5(4), 333–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908032000171648

Noble, H., & Smith, J. (2015). Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research. Evidence Based Nursing, 18(2), 34–35. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2015-102054

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD]. (2008). Policy Appraisal and Evaluation for Vocational Education and Training Policy (EDU/EDPC/CERI(2008)4). Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. https://www.oecd.org/education/innovation-education/41538544.pdf

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD]. (2001). Sustainable Development: Critical Issues. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264193185-en

Pattyn, V., Molenveld, A., & Befani, B. (2017). Qualitative Comparative Analysis as an Evaluation Tool: Lessons From an Application in Development Cooperation. American Journal of Evaluation, 40(1), 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214017710502

Persson, A. (2004, June). Environmental policy integration: An introduction. Stockholm Environment Institute. https://www.sei.org/publications/environmental-policy-integration-introduction/

Purvis, B., Mao, Y., & Robinson, D. (2018). Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins. Sustainability Science, 14(3), 681–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5

Ragin, C. C. (2008). Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226702797.001.0001

Rietig, K. (2013). Sustainable Climate Policy Integration in the European Union. Environmental Policy and Governance, 23(5), 297–310. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1616

Rihoux, B., & Lobe, B. (2009). The case for Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA): Adding Leverage for thick cross-case comparison. In D. Byrne & C. C. Ragin (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Case-Based Methods (pp. 222–242). SAGE Publications. https ://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249413.n13

Rihoux, B., & Ragin, C. C. (2009). Configurational Comparative Methods. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452226569

Rittel, H. W. J., & Webber, M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4(2), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01405730

Runhaar, H., Driessen, P., & Uittenbroek, C. (2014). Towards a Systematic Framework for the Analysis of Environmental Policy Integration. Environmental Policy and Governance, 24(4), 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1647

Runhaar, H., Wilk, B., Persson, S., Uittenbroek, C., & Wamsler, C. (2017). Mainstreaming climate adaptation: taking stock about “what works” from empirical research worldwide. Regional Environmental Change, 18(4), 1201–1210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1259-5

Russel, D. J., den Uyl, R. M., & de Vito, L. (2018). Understanding policy integration in the EU—Insights from a multi-level lens on climate adaptation and the EU’s coastal and marine policy. Environmental Science & Policy, 82, 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.12.009

Schneider, C. Q., & Rohlfing, I. (2014). Case Studies Nested in Fuzzy-set QCA on Sufficiency. Sociological Methods & Research, 45(3), 526–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124114532446

Schneider, C. Q., & Wagemann, C. (Eds.). (2012). Set-Theoretic Methods for the Social Sciences: A Guide to Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139004244

Smismans, S. (2015). Policy Evaluation in the EU: The Challenges of Linking Ex Ante and Ex Post Appraisal. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 6(1), 6–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00004244

Smith, J., Bekker, H., & Cheater, F. (2011). Theoretical versus pragmatic design in qualitative research. Nurse Researcher, 18(2), 39–51. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/18361/

Steurer, R. (2009, January). Sustainable development as governance reform agenda: An aggregation of distinguished challenges for policy-making. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2342103

Stewart, J. (2012). Multiple-case Study Methods in Governance-related Research. Public Management Review, 14(1), 67–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2011.589618

Suter, W. N. (2012). Chapter 12 | Qualitative Data, Analysis, and Design. In W. N. Suter (Ed.), Introduction to Educational Research (pp. 342–386). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384443.n12

Szabo, V., & Strang, V. R. (1997). Secondary Analysis of Qualitative Data. Advances in Nursing Science, 20(2), 66–74. https://journals.lww.com/advancesinnursingscience/fulltext/1997/12000/secondary_analysis_of_qualitative_data.8.aspx?casa_token=y70VrjFK3tcAAAAA:ipDguhTLYoBhJq-nfMTR6GPgzq84REA9TxGgjzfkom0eUeh4BbUsNB29_akPjJvooRLYbKkymcv2OOMD8vSXFXtS1RiYiIMlFzC5

Tan, D. T., Siri, J. G., Gong, Y., Ong, B., Lim, S. C., MacGillivray, B. H., & Marsden, T. (2019). Systems approaches for localising the SDGs: co-production of place-based case studies. Globalization and Health, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-019-0527-1

Thomann, E. (2020). Qualitative Comparative Analysis for comparative policy analysis. In B. G. Peters & G. Fontaine (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Comparative Policy Analysis (pp. 254–276). Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788111195.00023

Tosun, J., & Lang, A. (2017). Policy integration: mapping the different concepts. Policy Studies, 38(6), 553–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2017.1339239

Trein, P., Biesbroek, R., Bolognesi, T., Cejudo, G. M., Duffy, R., Hustedt, T., & Meyer, I. (2020). Policy Coordination and Integration: A Research Agenda. Public Administration Review, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13180

Trein, P., Maggetti, M., & Meyer, I. (2020). Necessary conditions for policy integration and administrative coordination reforms: an exploratory analysis. Journal of European Public Policy, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2020.1788121

van Geet, M. T., Verweij, S., Busscher, T., & Arts, J. (2021). The importance of policy design fit for effectiveness: a qualitative comparative analysis of policy integration in regional transport planning. Policy Sciences. Published. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-021-09429-z

Van Thiel, S. (2015). Bestuurskundig onderzoek (3rd edition). Bussum, Nederland: Coutinho.

van Zeijl-Rozema, A., Cörvers, R., Kemp, R., & Martens, P. (2008). Governance for sustainable development: a framework. Sustainable Development, 16(6), 410–421. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.367

Verweij, S. (2015). Producing satisfactory outcomes in the implementation phase of PPP infrastructure projects: A fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis of 27 road constructions in the Netherlands. International Journal of Project Management, 33(8), 1877–1887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.08.006

Vos, R. O. (2007). Defining sustainability: a conceptual orientation. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 82(4), 334–339. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1675

Warsen, R. (2021, February 12). Putting the Pieces Together: Combining Contractual and Relational Governance for Successful Public-Private Partnerships. Erasmus University Rotterdam. http://hdl.handle.net/1765/131577

Worker, J. (2017). National climate change governance: Topic guide. GSDRC, University of Birmingham. https://gsdrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/NatCCGov.pdf

World Commission on Environment and Development [WCED]. (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford University Press. http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf

World Economic Forum. (2020). Can the EU take on the mantle of global leadership? https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/eu-global-leadership/