PORTUS AUGUSTI: keizerlijke beeldvorming in zes grote havens van Romeins Italië (1-2de eeuw n.C.)

Sam Van Overmeire
Persbericht

PORTUS AUGUSTI: keizerlijke beeldvorming in zes grote havens van Romeins Italië (1-2de eeuw n.C.)

Het imago van Romeinse keizers

We zijn de laatste jaren vertrouwd geraakt met de val van dictators in de Arabische landen. Op tv zagen we hoe beelden van Saddam met Amerikaanse hulp omver werden getrokken of afbeeldingen van Khadaffi door opgejutte massa’s in brand werden gestoken. Die gebeurtenissen roepen vragen op. Waarom stonden die beelden daar? Hoe komt het dat de Libiërs zoveel afbeeldingen van hun leider hadden om te verbranden? We kunnen die vragen beantwoorden: Saddam liet beelden van zichzelf plaatsen als een herinnering aan zijn macht en aanwezigheid. De Libiërs hadden voorstellingen van Khadaffi omdat ze daarmee hun steun en trouw aan hun leider konden tonen. Pas in de laatste maanden van diens leven kregen de portretten een nieuwe functie.

Heersers van alle tijden willen zich tegenover hun volk ‘presenteren’ als goede en legitieme leiders, mensen die de macht die ze uitoefenen verdienen. Ze hopen zich op die manier te verzekeren van de toegewijde gehoorzaamheid van hun onderdanen. Het plaatsen van beelden is slechts één manier waarop dat gebeurt. Daarnaast kunnen leiders persoonlijk tonen dat ze geven om het welzijn van hun volk, of kunnen ze schrijvers aanmoedigen hun verwezenlijkingen te herdenken in literatuur. De manier waarop heersers hun legitimiteit proberen te demonstreren wordt vaak “imago” of “beeldvorming” genoemd. In mijn meesterproef richtte ik mij op de manier waarop Romeinse keizers aan beeldvorming deden binnen zes belangrijke havensteden in Italië, namelijk Antium, Centumcellae, Ravenna, Misenum, Ostia/Portus en Puteoli. Ostia en Puteoli waren verantwoordelijk voor de graantoevoer naar de miljoenenstad Rome en in Ravenna en Misenum lag de militaire vloot voor anker. Antium en Centumcellae hadden beiden indrukwekkende havens die, respectievelijk, door Nero en Trajanus gebouwd waren. Probeerden de keizers zichzelf op een positieve manier voor te stellen binnen deze havensteden? Waarom deden ze dat daar? Hoe ging dat in zijn werk?

Al snel bleek dat de keizers zich binnen de steden op vele, diverse manieren presenteerden. Overal werden tempels, theaters, thermen, aquaducten en andere monumenten op hun bevel gebouwd, waren er goddelijke culten in hun eer, naast standbeelden, portretten en inscripties die hun daden gedachten. De bewoners van deze steden werden in hun dagelijkse leven voortdurend geconfronteerd met hun heersers die alle publieke plaatsen beheersten en door verering en beeltenissen zelfs aanwezig waren binnen de private sfeer. De keizers hadden vele motieven voor hun bemoeienis met de havensteden, waaronder persoonlijke interesse en politieke belangen, maar hun beeldvorming hielp tevens de trouw van hun onderdanen te verzekeren door de legitimiteit, weldaden, rijkdom en bovenmenselijke macht van hun heersers te tonen. Voor de steden Ostia en Puteoli beschikken we over uitzonderlijk rijke informatie en daar kunnen we ons bovendien een goed beeld vormen van de overweldigende scènering die een bezoeker van de haven te zien kreeg. Op zijn schip zag hij de bouwwerken van de heersers, hun namen in marmer gebeiteld, en vele beelden van keizers en goden. In de haven zelf liep de reiziger rond in hun hallen en tempels, zag opslagplaatsen voor graan, bedoeld voor de burgers van de hoofdstad, of werd geconfronteerd met soldaten die controles uitvoerden. De aandacht van de keizers voor de havens ging niet onopgemerkt voorbij en de zeelui die Italië bezochten, zouden vervolgens naar vele andere plaatsen aan de Middellandse Zee varen. Daar konden ze dan vertellen over de wonderen die ze hadden gezien in de havens van de Romeinse keizers.

Bibliografie

 

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De reconstructie van de haven van Centumcellae

bindusara.free.fr/web/geo2/italie-civitavecchia%20(ex%20centumcellae)-par%20trajan.jpg [Geraadpleegd op 29/11/2011]

 

Het Stabia schilderij

web.uvic.ca/~jpoleson [Geraadpleegd op 29/11/2011]

 

Een mozaïek met de vuurtoren van Alexandrië

www.artlex.com/ArtLex/wxyz/wonders_of_world.html [Geraadpleegd op 20/10/2011]

 

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Een havenzicht met vuurtoren

www.lessing-photo.com [Geraadpleegd op 25/11/2011]

 

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www.ostia-antica.org/portus/reliefs.htm [Geraadpleegd 23/03/2011]

 

 

Een kaart van Portus

www.portusproject.org/background/lateantique/harbour.html [Geraadpleegd op 14/12/2011]

 

De boog met figuren op de Zuil van Trajanus

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Een mozaïek uit de basiliek van Sint Marcus

www.touregypt.net/featurestories/pharoslighthouse.htm [Geraadpleegd op 20/10/2011]

 

Universiteit of Hogeschool
Master of Arts in de archeologie
Publicatiejaar
2012
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