Lokale tewerkstelling en arbeidsomstandigheden in de Katangese mijnbouwsector (DRC): westerse vlijt, Chinees verzuim?

Jeroen De Sadeleer
Persbericht

Lokale tewerkstelling en arbeidsomstandigheden in de Katangese mijnbouwsector (DRC): westerse vlijt, Chinees verzuim?

 

WESTERSE VLIJT, CHINEES VERZUIM?

De Chinese aanwezigheid in Afrika heeft de afgelopen jaren geleid tot een stortvloed aan onevenwichtige en te vereenvoudigde berichtgeving. Onderzoek naar het onderscheid tussen westerse en Chinese mijnbouwbedrijven in Congo brengt een genuanceerder beeld en zoekt naar verklaringen voor deze verschillen.

Het is de voorbije decennia nooit echt rustig geweest in de Democratische Republiek Congo en dat zullen de Congolezen geweten hebben. Jaren van dictatuur, burgeroorlogen en regionale conflicten degradeerden het immense land tot het staartpeloton van de ontwikkelingslanden, ondanks al het aanwezige economische en ecologische potentieel. Vandaag bezet de DRC de allerlaatste plaats in de Human Development Index, een belangrijke ontwikkelingsmaatstaf van de Verenigde Naties.

Nochtans bezit het land een aantal van ’s werelds zeldzaamste mineralen en grootste ertsvoorraden, ondermeer in de zuidoostelijke provincie Katanga. Sinds enkele jaren stromen investeerders van over de hele wereld er toe in hun zoektocht naar veelgevraagde mineralen als koper en kobalt. Met name de Chinese aanwezigheid haalde de krantenbladzijden en werd het voorwerp van discussie, vooral toen Peking en Kinshasa in 2008 het zogenaamde ‘contract van de eeuw’ afsloten. De deal voorzag, kort samengevat, in een ruiloperatie waarbij de Chinezen broodnodige infrastructuurwerken zouden uitvoeren en mijnbouwconcessies in de plaats verkregen.

De traditionele donoren, die schijnbaar buitenspel werden gezet, reageerden verbolgen. Niet alleen zou de overeenkomst al hun inspanningen ondermijnen om de Congolese schulden aan te pakken, ze zou bovendien zeer nadelig zijn voor de Congolese overheid. In de media verscheen een zeer negatief beeld van Chinezen die tot alles bereid lijken om hun onverzadigbare grondstoffenhonger te stillen en daarbij lokale markten ontwrichten door de massale import van goedkope producten en arbeiders. Ze zouden de lokale wetgeving met de voeten treden en zich helemaal niet bekommeren over de arbeidsomstandigheden van hun werknemers.

Dit westerse discours, eerder anekdotisch van aard, lijkt voornamelijk ingegeven door angst en een gebrek aan kennis over de feitelijke aanwezigheid van Chinezen in Afrika. Dit thesisartikel poogt deze leemte deels op te vullen en focust op twee klachten die regelmatig weerklinken in discussies over China in Afrika: het gebrek aan lokale tewerkstelling en de slechte arbeidsomstandigheden. Op basis van een vergelijking tussen westerse Chinese ondernemingen gaat het onderzoek concreet na of Chinese bedrijven wel degelijk minder beroep doen op lokale arbeiders dan westerse ondernemingen en of de werkomstandigheden er echt slechter zijn.

Een eerste belangrijke vaststelling is dat er niet zoiets bestaat als ‘de Chinese aanwezigheid in Congo’. Een rist aan Chinese ondernemers is vandaag actief in Katanga, sommigen in dienst van staatsbedrijven, anderen op eigen initiatief. Wat tewerkstelling betreft blijkt weinig verschil, mogelijk een gevolg van de lage kostprijs van lokale arbeid. De kloof tussen beide is evenwel dieper op het vlak van arbeidsvoorwaarden, geïllustreerd door een gebrek aan syndicale vrijheid en ontoereikende veiligheidsvoorschriften. De standaarden liggen in Chinese bedrijven vele malen lager dan in westerse ondernemingen of zijn er zelfs onbestaande.

Aan de basis van dit onderscheid liggen zowel structurele als contextuele factoren die erop duiden dat het onderscheid tussen Chinese en westerse ondernemers op zich weinig ter zake doet. Tot die laatste categorie behoort ondermeer de grootte van de onderzochte bedrijven. Het spreekt namelijk voor zich dat een grote westerse multinational meer middelen kan inzetten om aan alle reglementering te voldoen. Daarnaast valt ook een verschil in termijnplanning op en een taalprobleem dat omkoping in de hand werkt. Corrupte Congolese ambtenaren misbruiken immers maar al te graag de gebrekkige kennis van het Frans of het Swahili van de Chinezen.

Toch zijn er ook structurele verschillen tussen westerse en Chinese ondernemingen wat betreft de bedrijfscultuur en de plaats van concepten als ‘maatschappelijk verantwoord ondernemen’ hierin. Bovenal is het niet redelijk om van Chinezen die naar Afrika komen te verwachten dat ze betere standaarden hanteren dan ze thuis gewoon zijn. Zo hebben Chinese ondernemers weinig ervaring met meerdere onafhankelijke vakbonden en zijn niet altijd overtuigd van de meerwaarde van maatschappelijk verantwoord ondernemen. Westerse bedrijven zetten daarentegen net speciaal in op sociale en ecologische randvoorwaarden om betere economische prestaties te behalen, deels onder druk van de burgermaatschappij in hun land van herkomst.

Om deze situatie in de toekomst te verbeteren en opdat de Katangese mijnbouw echt de motor kan worden van de Congolese ontwikkeling zijn inspanningen nodig van alle betrokken actoren, zowel op lokaal, nationaal als internationaal niveau. Idealiter komt de mijnbouwsector de lokale bevolking immers niet enkel indirect ten goede, via belastingen en herverdeling, maar ook direct, via de creatie van banen en andere sociale voordelen als onderwijs en gezondheidszorg. Goed bestuur lijkt van primordiaal belang, maar ook internationale sectorafspraken en het neoliberale groeiparadigma moeten onder de loep worden genomen.

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Universiteit of Hogeschool
Master of Conflict and Development
Publicatiejaar
2012
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