De impact van Taenia solium op de volksgezondheid in Nepal

Brecht Devleesschauwer
Persbericht

De impact van Taenia solium op de volksgezondheid in Nepal

 

Nepal – Van kastendiscriminatie tot hersenwormen

 

Tijdens de voorbije VN-top in New York heeft België de nadruk gelegd op de toenemende ongelijkheid binnen ontwikkelingslanden en de gevolgen hiervan voor de algemene ontwikkeling van deze landen. Hoe belangrijk is dit probleem en hoe gaat de internationale gemeenschap hiermee om? Een studie naar het belang van de varkenslintworm in Nepal bleek hier enkele antwoorden op te bieden.

 

De varkenslintworm, Taenia solium in wetenschappelijke termen, is een parasiet die in België al enige decennia verdwenen en vergeten is, maar in ontwikkelingslanden nog steeds voor problemen zorgt. De volwassen lintworm, die tot vier meter lang kan worden, leeft in de darm van de mens, die wordt besmet door het eten van onvoldoende verhit varkensvlees. In tegenstelling tot de runderlintworm, die bij ons wel nog voorkomt, kunnen de eitjes van de varkenslintworm ook rechtstreeks mensen besmetten en verder uitgroeien tot blaasvormige larven in de hersenen. Het is dan dat het belang van deze parasiet duidelijk wordt: epilepsie en obstructie van de hersenholten zijn namelijk courante verschijnselen van deze “hersenworm”.

 

Armoede en onderontwikkeling spelen een belangrijke rol bij het in stand houden van de varkenslintworm. Enkel wanneer varkens vrije toegang hebben tot de uitwerpselen van lintwormdragers, kan de levenscyclus worden voltooid. Een gebrek aan adequate sanitaire voorzieningen en een primitieve manier van varkenshouderij zijn dan ook de belangrijkste redenen waarom vele ontwikkelingslanden nog steeds te kampen hebben met deze parasiet.

 

Een studie in Nepal toont echter aan dat de realiteit complexer is. Hoewel Nepal beschreven wordt als een van de armste en minst ontwikkelde landen van Azië, blijkt er binnen het land een grote ongelijkheid te bestaan tussen de verschillende bevolkingsgroepen. Het kastenstelsel heeft er van oudsher voor gezorgd dat vooral de hogere kasten meer kansen kregen om zich te ontwikkelen, ten nadele van de lagere kasten en kastelozen, die tot op vandaag achterblijven qua opleidingsniveau en tewerkstelling. Dit heeft ook gevolgen op het vlak van hun gezondheid, wat goed geïllustreerd wordt door deze lintworm. Het zijn namelijk net deze laagste kasten die moeite hebben om de primitieve manier van leven achter zich te laten, waardoor zij een duidelijk hoger risico lopen op deze parasiet. Een van de gevolgen van de hersenworm, epilepsie, wordt daarenboven nog al te vaak beschouwd als een bovennatuurlijke aandoening, waardoor de sociale status en de mogelijkheden tot verdere ontwikkeling van deze mensen alleen maar afnemen.

 

Het belang van de varkenslintworm is de internationale gemeenschap niet ontgaan. Een van de programma’s van de Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie richt zich op het in kaart brengen van de gezondheidsimpact van ruim honderd ziekten en aandoeningen, wereldwijd. Hiervoor wordt voornamelijk gebruik gemaakt van ziekenhuisgegevens, en net hier wringt het schoentje. Het zijn namelijk vooral de meer ontwikkelde bevolkingsgroepen die de middelen hebben om de ziekenhuiskosten te betalen, waardoor de aandoeningen die vooral bij de lagere kastengroepen voorkomen, opnieuw uit de boot vallen.

 

Het verhaal van de varkenslintworm illustreert goed hoe belangrijk de ongelijkheid binnen een land is voor de algemene ontwikkeling ervan en hoe de huidige systemen er niet steeds in slagen om de vicieuze cirkel van armoede en ongelijkheid te doorbreken. Nu blijft alleen de vraag of de stem van België gehoord zal worden en of er in de toekomst effectief niemand nog over het hoofd gezien zal worden.

Bibliografie

Artikel:

 

Leterme op VN-top: “Voorrang aan menselijke ontwikkeling”. De Morgen, 21 september 2010. Internetreferentie: http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/1159993/2010…

 

Thesis:

Abington J.B. (1992). The role of monogastric and small stock. In: Sustainable Livestock Production in the Mountain Agro-Ecosystem of Nepal, FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 105, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, p. 111-130.

Allan J.C., Wilkins P.P., Tsang V.C., Craig P.S. (2003). Immunodiagnostic tools for taeniasis. Acta Tropica 87 (1), 87-93.

Allan J.C., Craig P.S. (2006). Coproantigens in taeniasis and echinococcosis. Parasitology International 55, 75-80.

Anand S., Hanson K. (1997). Disability-adjusted life years: a critical review. Journal of Health Economics
16, 685-702.

Berkvens D., Speybroeck N., Praet N., Adel A., Lesaffre E. (2006). Estimating disease prevalence in a Bayesian framework using probabilistic constraints. Epidemiology 17, 145-153.

Bern C., Garcia H.H., Evans C., Gonzalez A.E., Verastegui M., Tsang V.C.W., Gilman R.H. (1999). Magnitude of the disease burden from neurocysticercosis in a developing country. Clinical Infectious Diseases 29, 1203-1209.

Bonita R., Beaglehole R., Kjellström T. (2006). Basic Epidemiology, 2nd edition. World Health Organization Press, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 212.

Brandt J.R.A., Geerts S., De Deken R., Kumar V., Ceulemans F., Brijs L., Falla N. (1992). A monoclonal antibody based ELISA for the detection of circulating excretory-secretory antigens in Taenia saginata cysticercosis. International Journal for Parasitology 22, 471-477.

Carabin H., Krecek R.C., Cowan L.D., Michael L., Foyaca-Sibat H., Nash T., Willingham A.L. (2006). Estimation of the cost of Taenia solium cysticercosis in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Tropical Medicine and International Health 11 (6), 906-916.

Carabin H., Milogo A., Praet N., Hounton S., Tarnagda Z., Ganaba R., Dorny P., Nitiéma P., Cowan L.D., Évaluation du Fardeau Économique de la Cysticercose au Burkina Faso (2009). Seroprevalence to the antigens of Taenia solium cysticercosis among residents of three villages in Burkina Faso: a crosssectional study. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 3 (11), e555.

Castillo Y., Rodriguez S., García H.H., Brandt J., Van Hul A., Silva M., Rodriguez-Hidalgo R., Portocarrero M., Melendez D.P., Gonzalez A.E., Gilman R.H., Dorny P., for the Cysticercosis Working Group in Perú (2009). Urine antigen detection for the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80 (3), 379-383.

CBS (2001). National Report 2001, VDC wise population and household numbers. Central Bureau of Statistics, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. Internetreferentie: http://www.cbs.gov.np/ Population/National Report 2001/VDC.pdf

CBS (2003a). Population Monograph of Nepal, 2003, Chapter 2: Population size, Growth and Distribution. Central Bureau of Statistics, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. Internetreferentie: http://www.cbs.gov.np/Population/Monograph/Chapter 02 Population Size Growth and Distribution.pdf

CBS (2003b). Population Monograph of Nepal, 2003, Chapter 3: Social Composition of the Population, Caste/Ethnicity and Religion in Nepal. Central Bureau of Statistics, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. Internetreferentie: http://www.cbs.gov.np/Population/Monograph/Chapter 03 Social Composition of the Population.pdf

CBS (2006). Agriculture Monograph, 2006. Central Bureau of Statistics, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. Internetreferentie: http://www.cbs.gov.np/agriculture_monograph.php

Conlan J.V., Vongxay K., Fenwick S., Blacksell S.D., Thompson R.C.A. (2009). Does interspecific competition have a moderating effect on Taenia solium transmission dynamics in Southeast Asia? Trends in Parasitology 25 (9), 398-403.

Cox T. (1994). The current socioeconomic status of untouchables in Nepal. Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology 4, 90-109.

Deckers N., Kanobana K., Silva M., Gonzalez A.E., Garcia H.H., Gilman R., Dorny P. (2008). Serological responses in porcine cysticercosis: a link with the parasitological outcome of infection. International Journal for Parasitology 38 (10), 1191-1198.

Deckers N., Saerens D., Kanobana K., Conrath K., Victor B., Wernery U., Vercruysse J., Muyldermans S., Dorny P. (2009). Nanobodies, a promising tool for species-specific diagnosis of Taenia solium cysticercosis. International Journal for Parasitology 39 (5), 625-633.

Deckers N., Dorny P. (2010). Immunodiagnosis of Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis. Trends in Parasitology 26 (3), 137-144.

DeGiorgio C.M., Houston I., Oviedo S., Sorvillo F. (2002). Deaths associated with cysticercosis: report of three cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgical Focus 12 (6), e2.

Devleesschauwer B. (2009). Seroprevalentie van cysticercose bij slachtvarkens in de Kathmanduvallei, Nepal. Studieproject in het kader van de Masterproef, Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, Universiteit Gent, pp. 16.

Dhaubhadel T.S., Ghimire R.P. (2002). Chwanche and Hurra for livelihood of pig farmers. In: Annual Technical Report 2059/2060. Swine and Avian Research Programme, National Agricultural Research Council, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal, p. 24-33.

Ding D., Hong Z., Wang W.-Z., Wu J.-Z., De Boer H.M., Prilipko L., Sander J.W. (2006). Assessing the disease burden due to epilepsy by disability adjusted life year in rural China. Epilepsia 47 (12), 2032-2037.

DoHS (2004). Annual Report 2060/61 (2003/2004). Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.

DoHS (2006). Annual Report 2062/63 (2005/2006). Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.

DoHS (2008). Annual Report 2064/65 (2007/2008). Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Dorny P., Vercammen F., Brandt J., Vansteenkiste W., Berkvens D., Geerts S. (2000). Sero-epidemiological study of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Belgian cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 88, 43-49.

Dorny P., Brandt J., Zoli A., Geerts S. (2003). Immunodiagnostic tools for human and porcine cysticercosis. Acta Tropica 87, 79-86.

Dorny P., Phiri I.K., Vercruysse J., Gabriel S., Willingham III A.L., Brandt J., Victor B., Speybroeck N., Berkvens D. (2004). A Bayesian approach for estimating values for prevalence and diagnostic test characteristics of porcine cysticercosis. International Journal for Parasitology 34, 569-576.

Dorny P., Praet N., Deckers N., Gabriel S. (2009). Emerging food-borne parasites. Veterinary Parasitology 163, 196-206.

Draelants E., Hofkens E., Harding E., Brandt J., Geerts S. (1995). Development of a dot-enzyme immunoassay for the detection of circulating antigen in cattle infected with Taenia saginata cysticerci. Research in Veterinary Science 58, 99-100.

Eom K.S., Jeon H.-K., Rim H.-J. (2009). Geographical distribution of Taenia asiatica and related species. Korean Journal of Parasitology 47, 115-124.

Erhart A., Dorny P., De N.V., Vien H.V., Thach D.C., Toan N.D., Cong L.D., Geerts S., Speybroeck N., Berkvens D., Brandt J. (2002). Taenia solium cysticercosis in a village in northern Viet Nam: seroprevalence study using an ELISA for detecting circulating antigen. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 96, 270-272.

Espindola N.M., Vaz A.J., Pardini A.X., Fernandes I. (2002). Excretory/secretory antigens (ES) from in-vitro cultures of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci, and use of an anti-ES monoclonal antibody for antigen detection in samples of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with neurocysticercosis. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 96, 361-368.

FAO (2003). Nepal Agricultural Policy and Strategies for Poverty Alleviation and Food Security, June 2003. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Kathmandu, Nepal. Internetreferentie: http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae898e/ae898e00.htm

Fleury A., Hernández M., Avila M., Cárdenas G., Bobes R.J., Huerta M., Fragoso G., Uribe-Campero L., Harrison L.J.S., Parkhouse R.M.E., Sciutto E. (2007). Detection of HP10 antigen in serum for diagnosis and follow-up of subarachnoidal and intraventricular human neurocysticercosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 78, 970-974.

Flisser A., Vázquez-Mendoza A., Martínez-Ocaña J., Gómez-Colín E., Leyva R.S., Medina-Santillán R. (2005). Short report: evaluation of a self-detection tool for tapeworm carriers for use in public health. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 72 (5), 510-512.

Flisser A., Rodríguez-Canul R., Willingham III A.L. (2006). Control of the taeniosis/cysticercosis complex: Future developments. Veterinary Parasitology 139, 283-292.

Gaihre Y.K. (2000). Prevalence of intestinal helminth parasites in general, ascariasis in detail in Sarkies and Magars community of Tindobate VDC, Syangja, Nepal. Master of Science Thesis, Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal, pp. 92.

Galán-Puchades M.T., Fuentes M.V. (2000). Human cysticercosis and larval tropism of Taenia asiatica. Parasitology Today 16 (4), 174.

Garcia H.H., Gilman R.H., Catacora M., Verastegui M., Gonzalez A.E., Tsang V.C., the Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (1997). Serologic evolution of neurocysticercosis patients after antiparasitic therapy. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 175, 486-489.

Garcia H.H., Parkhouse R.M.E., Gilman R.H., Montenegro T., Bernal T., Martinez S.M., Gonzalez A.E., Tsang V.C.W., Harrison L.J.S., the Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (2000). Serum antigen detection in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of neurocysticercosis patients. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 94, 673-676.

Garcia H.H., Gonzalez A.E., Gilman R.H., Palacios L.G., Jimenez I., Rodriguez S., Verastegui M., Wilkins P., Tsang V.C.W., the Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (2001). Short report: transient antibody response in Taenia solium infection in field conditions – a major contributor to high seroprevalence. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65 (1), 31-32.

Garcia H.H., Gonzalez A.E., Gilman R.H., Bernal T., Rodriguez S., Pretell E.J., Azcurra O., Parkhouse R.M.E., Tsang V.C.W., Harrison L.J.S., the Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (2002). Circulating parasite antigen in patients with hydrocephalus secondary to neurocysticercosis. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 66 (4), 427-430.

García H.H., Gonzalez A.E., Evans C.A.W., Gilman R.H., for the Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (2003). Taenia solium cysticercosis. The Lancet 362, 547-556.

Garg R.K. (2004). Diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis: some modifications needed for Indian patients. Neurology India 52 (2), 171-177.

Ginbar T. (2008). Development of a dipstick ELISA for the detection of circulating antigens of Taenia saginata/Taenia solium cysticercosis. Master of Science in Tropical Animal Health Thesis, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Animal Health, Antwerp, Belgium, pp 41.

Gomes A.B., Soares K.A., Bueno A.C., Espindola N.M., Iha A.H., Maia A.A.M., Peralta R.H.S., Vaz A.J. (2007). Comparative evaluation of different immunoassays for the detection of Taenia solium cysticercosis in swine with low parasite burden. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 102 (6), 725-731.

Gonzalez A.E., Gilman R., Garcia H.H., McDonald J., Kacena K., Tsang V.C., Pilcher J.B., Suarez F., Gavidia C., Miranda E., the Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (1994). Use of sentinel pigs to monitor environmental Taenia solium contamination. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 51 (6), 847-850.

Gonzalez A.E., Verastegui M., Noh J.C., Gavidia C., Falcon N., Bernal T., Garcia H.H., Tsang V.C.W., Gilman R.H., Wilkins P.P., the Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (1999). Persistence of passively transferred antibodies in porcine Taenia solium cysticercosis. Veterinary Parasitology 86, 113-118.

Guezala M.C., Rodriguez S., Zamora H., Garcia H.H., Gonzalez A.E., Tembo A., Allan J.C., Craig P.S. (2009). Development of a species-specific coproantigen ELISA for human Taenia solium taeniasis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81 (3), 433-437.

Gurung H. (2005). The Dalit Context. Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology 9, 1-21.

Harrison L.J.S., Joshua G.W.P., Wright S.H., Parkhouse R.M.E. (1989). Specific detection of circulating surface/secreted glycoproteins of viable cysticerci in Taenia saginata cysticercosis. Parasite Immunology 11, 351-370.

Havelaar A.H., de Wit M.A.S., van Koningsveld R., van Kempen E. (2000). Health burden in the Netherlands due to infection with thermophilic Campylobacter spp. Epidemiology and Infection 125, 505-522.

Ito A., Nakao M., Wandra T. (2003). Human taeniasis and cysticercosis in Asia. The Lancet 362, 1918- 1920.

Ito A., Craig P.S. (2003). Immunodiagnostic and molecular approaches for the detection of taeniid cestode infections. Trends in Parasitology 19 (9), 377-381.

Jeon H.-K., Eom K.S. (2009). Immunoblot patterns of Taenia asiatica taeniasis. Korean Journal of Parasitology 47 (1), 73-77.

Joshi D.D., Maharjan M., Johansen M.V., Willingham A.L., Sharma M. (2003). Improving meat inspection and control in resource-poor communities: the Nepal example. Acta Tropica 87 (1), 119-127.

Joshi D.D., Maharjan M., Johnson M.V., Willingham A.L., Gashre Y., Sharma M. (2004). Taeniasis/Cysticercosis situation in Nepal. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 35, 252-258.

Joshi D.D., Pandey K.R., Dorny P., Bista P.R., Vercruysse J. (2008). Comparison of carcass and lingual examination for the diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis in Nepal. Journal of Institute of Medicine 30 (1), 11-17.

Karki D. (2003). An epidemiological study on intestinal helminths among Magar communities in Barangdi VDC, Palpa, with special reference to Taenia spp. Master of Science Thesis, Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal, pp. 56.

Karterud H.N., Knizek B.L., Nakken K.O. (2010). Changing the diagnosis from epilepsy to PNES: patients’ experiences and understanding of their new diagnosis. Seizure 19 (1), 40-46.

Kohrt B.A., Worthman C.M. (2009). Gender and anxiety in Nepal: the role of social support, stressful life events, and structural violence. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics 15, 237-248.

Krecek R.C., Michael L.M., Schantz P.M., Ntanjana L., Smith M.F., Dorny P., Harrison L.J.S., Grimm F., Praet N., Willingham III A.L. (2008). Prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis in swine from a community-based study in 21 villages of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Veterinary Parasitology 154, 38-47.

Mac T.L., Tran D.-S., Quet F., Odermatt P., Preux P.-M., Tan C.T. (2007). Epidemiology, aetiology and clinical management of epilepsy in Asia: a systematic review. The Lancet Neurology 6 (6), 533-543.

Mathers C.D., Ezzati M., Lopez A.D. (2007). Measuring the burden of neglected tropical diseases: the global burden of disease framework. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 1 (2), e114.

Meinardi H., Scott R.A., Reis R., Sander J.W.A.S., on behalf of the ILAE Commission on the Developing World (2001). The treatment gap in epilepsy: the current situation and ways forward. Epilepsia 42 (1), 136-149.

Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP), New ERA, Macro International Inc. (2007). Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2006. Population Division, Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal, New ERA, Kathmandu, Nepal, Macro International Inc., Calverton, Maryland, U.S.A. Internetreferentie: http://www.measuredhs.co /pubs/pdf/ FR191/FR191.pdf

Murray C.J.L. (1994). Quantifying the burden of disease: the technical basis for disability-adjusted life years. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 72 (3), 429-445.

Murray C.J.L., Lopez A.D. (1996). The Global Burden of Disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 990.

Neghina R., Neghina A.M., Marincu I., Iacobiciu I. (2009). Human taeniasis in Western Romania and its relationship to multicultural food habits and influences. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, article in press.

Ngoungou E.B., Preux P.-M. (2008). Cerebral malaria and epilepsy. Epilepsia 49 (6), 19-24.

Ngowi H.A., Carabin H., Kassuku A.A., Mlozi M.R.S., Mlangwa J.E.D., Willingham III A.L. (2008). A health education intervention trial to reduce porcine cysticercosis in Mbulu District, Tanzania. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 85, 52-67.

Nguekam A., Zoli A.P., Vondou L., Pouedet S.M.R., Assana E., Dorny P., Brandt J., Losson B., Geerts S. (2003a). Kinetics of circulating antigens in pigs experimentally infected with Taenia solium eggs. Veterinary Parasitology 111, 323-332.

Nguekam J.P., Zoli A.P., Ongolo-Zogo P., Dorny P., Brandt J., Geerts S. (2003b). Follow-up of neurocysticercosis patients after treatment using an antigen detection ELISA. Parasite 10, 65-68.

Nguekam J.P., Zoli A.P., Zogo P.O., Kamga A.C.T., Speybroeck N., Dorny P., Brandt J., Losson B., Geerts S. (2003c). A seroepidemiological study of human cysticercosis in West Cameroon. Tropical Medicine and International Health 8 (2), 144-149.

Nkouawa A., Sako Y., Nakao M., Nakaya K., Ito A. (2009). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for differentiation and rapid detection of Taenia species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 47 (1), 168-174.

Pandey K.R. (2007). Prevalence and comparison of carcass examination, lingual examination and EITB for the diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis in Nepal. Master of Science thesis, Department of Pathology, Tribhuvan University, Institute of Agriculture and Animale Science, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal, pp. 61.

Pandey T.R. (2005). Culture and politics of caste in the Himalayan kingdom. Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology 9, 63-90.

Parija M., Biswas R., Harish B.N., Parija S.C. (2004). Detection of specific cysticercus antigen in the urine  for diagnosis of neurocysticercosis. Acta Tropica 92 (3), 253-260.

Pion S.D.S., Kaiser C., Boutros-Toni F., Cournil A., Taylor M.M., Meredith S.E.O., Stufe A., Bertocchi I., Kipp W., Preux P.-M., Boussinesq M. (2009). Epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic areas: systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 3 (6), e461.

Piryani R.M., Kohli S.C., Shrestha G., Shukla A., Malla T.B. (2007). Human neurocysticercosis managed at Nepalganj Medical College, Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur, Nepal. Kathmandu University Medical Journal 5 (4), 518-520.

Placencia M., Sander J.W., Shorvon S.D., Ellison R.H., Cascante S.M. (1992). Validation of a screening questionnaire for the detection of epileptic seizures in epidemiological studies. Brain 115 (3), 783-794.

Prado-Jean A., Kanobana K., Druet-Cabanac M., Nsengyiumva G., Dorny P., Preux P.M., Geerts S. (2007). Combined use of an antigen and antibody detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for cysticercosis as tools in an epidemiological study of  epilepsy in Burundi. Tropical Medicine and International Health 12 (7), 895-901.

Praet N., Speybroeck N., Manzanedo R., Berkvens  D., Nforninwe D.N., Zoli A., Quet F., Preux P.-M., Carabin H., Geerts S. (2009). The disease burden  of Taenia solium cysticercosis in Cameroon. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 3 (3), e406.

Prasad K.N., Prasad A., Verma A., Singh A.K.  (2008a). Human cysticercosis and Indian scenario:  a review. Journal of Biosciences 33, 571-582.

Prasad A., Prasad K.N., Yadav A., Gupta R.K.,  Pradhan S., Jha S., Tripathi M., Husain M. (2008b). Lymphocyte transformation test: a new method for  diagnosis of neurocysticercosis. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 61 (2),  198-202.

Quet F., Odermatt P., Preux P.-M. (2008).  Challenges of epidemiological research on  epilepsy in resourcepoor countries. Neuroepidemiology 30 (1), 3-5.

Rajbhandari K.C. (2003). Epilepsy in Nepal.  Neurological Journal of Southeast Asia 8, 1-4.

Rajkotia Y., Lescano A.G., Gilman R.H., Cornejo C.,  Garcia H.H., for the Cysticercosis Working Group of Peru (2007). Economic burden of  neurocysticercosis: results from Peru.  Transactions  of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 101,  840-846.

Rodriguez S., Dorny P., Tsang V.C.W., Pretell E.J.,  Brandt J., Lescano A.G., Gonzalez A.E., Gilman R.H., Garcia H.H., the Cysticercosis Working Group in  Peru (2009). Detection of Taenia solium antigens  and anti-T. solium antibodies in paired serum and  cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with intraparenchymal or extraparenchymal  neurocysticercosis. The Journal of Infectious  Diseases 199, 1345-1352.

Sapkota P.P. (2008). Ethno-ecological observation  of Magar of Bukini, Baglung, Western Nepal.  Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 2, 227-252.

Satishchandra P., Gururaj G., Mohammed Q.D.,  Senanayake N., Silpakit O. (2001). From prejudice  to hope. Global campaign against epilepsy: out of the  shadows. World Health Organization Regional  Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, pp. 63.

Sciutto E., Hernández M., García G., de Aluja A.S.,  Villalobos A.N.M., Rodarte L.F., Parkhouse M.,  Harrison L. (1998). Diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis: a  comparative study of serological tests for detection  of circulating antibody and viable parasites. Veterinary  Parasitology 78, 185-194.

Secka A., Grimm F., Victor B., Marcotty T., De Deken  R., Nyan O., Herera O., Van Marck E., Geerts S. (2010). Epilepsy is not caused by cysticercosis in  The Gambia. Tropical Medicine and International Health 15 (4), 476-479.

Sharma G.R. (2006). Prevalence of  neurocysticercosis with seizure disorder in Om  hospital. In: Proceedings of a Workshop on Present Situation  Challenges in Treatment and Elimination of Taeniasis/Neurocysticercosis in Nepal. National  Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal, December 7-9, 2005, p.  165-180.

Shrestha B.M. (2008). Childhood  neurocysticercosis: clinico-radiological profile and  outcome. Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 28 (1), 14-16.

Sikasunge C.S., Johansen M.V., Willingham III A.L.,  Leifsson P.S., Phiri I.K. (2008). Taenia solium  porcine cysticercosis: viability of cysticerci and persistency  of antibodies and cysticercal antigens after  treatment with oxfendazole. Veterinary Parasitology 158,  57-66.

Somers R., Dorny P., Nguyen V.K., Dang T.C.T.,  Goddeeris B., Craig P.S., Vercruysse J. (2006).  Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in three  communities in north Vietnam. Tropical Medicine  and International Health 11 (1), 65-72.

Somers R., Dorny P., Geysen D., Nguyen L.A.,  Thach D.C., Vercruysse J., Nguyen V.K. (2007).  Human tapeworms in north Vietnam. Transactions of the  Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 101, 275-277.

Sorvillo F.J., DeGiorgio C., Waterman S.H. (2007).  Deaths from cysticercosis, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13 (2), 230-235.

Stein C., Kuchenmüller T., Hendrickx S.,  Prüss-Üstün A., Wolfson L., Engels D., Schlundt J.  (2007). The global burden of disease assessments – WHO is  responsible? PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 1  (3), e161.

Takayanagui O.M., Odashima N.S. (2006). Clinical  aspects of neurocysticercosis. Parasitology  International 55, S111-S115.

Thapa R.B. (2000). Prevalence of intestinal helminth  parasites in general and Taenia spp. in detail, particularly in Bote and Darai communities of Vyash  municipality-5, Kumaltari Tanahun district of Nepal. Master of Science Thesis, Central Department of  Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal, pp. 91.

Tsang V.C.W., Brand J.A., Boyer A.E. (1989). An  enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay  and glycoprotein antigens for diagnosing human  cysticercosis (Taenia solium). The Journal of  Infectious Diseases 159 (1), 50-59.

UN (2009). World population projects: the 2008  revision. Population Division of the Department of  Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat,  New York, the United States of America. Internetreferentie: http://www.un.org/esa/population /publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_ text_tables.pdf

Van Kerckhoven I., Vansteenkiste W., Claes M.,  Geerts S., Brandt J. (1998). Improved detection of circulating antigen in cattle infected with Taenia  saginata metacestodes. Veterinary Parasitology 76, 269-274.

WHO (2009). Mortality and burden of disease  estimates for WHO member states in 2004.  Department of Measurement and Health Information, World Health  Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Internetreferentie: http://www.who.int/entity /healthinfo/global_burden_disease/ gbddeathdalycountryestimates2004.xls

Wilson W.G. (2005). Wilson’s Practical Meat  Inspection, 7th edition. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.,  Oxford, p. 146.

Yamasaki H., Allan J.C., Sato M.O., Nakao M., Sako  Y., Nakaya K., Qiu D., Mamuti W., Craig P.S., Ito A. (2004). DNA differential diagnosis of taeniasis and  cysticercosis by multiplex PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42 (2), 548-553.

Zoli A.P., Nguekam, Shey-Njila O., Nsame  Nforninwe D., Speybroeck N., Ito A., Sato O.M., Dorny  P., Brandt J., Geerts S. (2003). Neurocysticercosis and  epilepsy in Cameroon. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97,  683-686.

Universiteit of Hogeschool
Diergeneeskunde
Publicatiejaar
2010
Kernwoorden
Share this on: