EVALUATION OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN KUNMING (CHINA) USING THE LOCAL CLIMATE ZONE SCHEME

Stephanie Vandamme
Persbericht

De stedelijke structuur heeft nood aan verandering

Economische groei is positief voor de welvaart van een land. Het biedt werkgelegenheid, een betere gezondheidszorg en meer comfort. Maar wat als de economische groei te snel gaat? Wat als er te weinig rekening wordt gehouden met omgevingskwaliteit en klimaatopwarming?

In deze scriptie gaat de focus uit naar Kunming, een stad in China,  aangezien zij een toonbeeld zijn van snelle verstedelijking.

China staat in het algemeen wel bekend om zijn economische groei. Iedereen heeft wel een product in huis waarop staat ‘made in China’. Daarnaast is China ook gekend omwille van zijn populatiestijging. Deze populatiestijging en industrialisatie heeft ervoor gezorgd dat Kunming, een grootstad in China, gekarakteriseerd wordt door een sterke verstedelijking. Aangezien de bevolking nog een sterke stijging zal kennen in de toekomst, zal deze verstedelijking enkel maar toenemen. De snelle economische groei en de daarbij horende verstedelijking heeft een grote impact op het milieu en de sociale en culturele aspecten van de samenleving, zoals lucht-, water- en bodemvervuiling, maar ook op de omvormingen in het landgebruik en landbedekking. Daarom is het aangewezen om de ontwikkeling van de stad te bestuderen, zodat deze kennis gebruikt kan worden om de verstedelijking beter te reguleren.

De verstedelijking van een stad heeft verschillende drijfveren, zoals de economische groei, bepaalde beleidsplannen, natuurlijke populatiestijging en migratie. Om de verstedelijking van een stad te begrijpen en om juiste keuzes naar de toekomst toe te nemen, is het belangrijk om alle drijfveren en hun impact te kennen. Daarnaast is het handig om de stad in verschillende zones op te delen, dit kan door gebruik te maken van lokale klimaatzones, oftewel thermale zones (Figuur 1). In totaal zijn er 17 zones waarvan 10 stedelijke en 7 natuurlijke zones. Bij de stedelijke zones wordt er onderscheid gemaakt tussen hoge en lage gebouwen, dichte of open bebouwing en de aan- of afwezigheid van groenelementen. Bij de natuurlijke zones wordt er vooral onderscheid gemaakt op basis van de overheersende natuurelementen, zoals water en dense bossen. Iedere zone wordt gekenmerkt door een bepaald lokaal klimaat. In de stedelijke zones zullen er lagere windsnelheden zijn en is de luchttemperatuur doorgaans warmer. Zones gekenmerkt door hoge gebouwen die verder van elkaar gelegen zijn en waarin er groenelementen verwerkt zijn, hebben de meest aangename leefomgeving, zowel op vlak van temperatuur als op vlak van uitzicht.

 

image

 

Om de verstedelijking in Kunming mogelijk te maken moet natuur of landbouwgrond plaats maken voor stedelijke elementen zoals huizen en industrie. Daarnaast wordt de reeds bestaande stad ook steeds dichter bebouwd. Deze verstedelijking gebeurt aan een snel tempo en heeft als gevolg dat Kunming in het algemeen gekenmerkt wordt door een hogere temperatuur (Figuur 2) aangezien een stad warmer is dan het platteland of natuur. Dit kan negatieve gevolgen hebben voor de bevolking en leidt vaak tot ziektes en sterfte. Met oog op de verdere populatiestijging en de klimaatverandering, is het van uiterst belang om de stad in een nieuw kleed te steken waarbij de zones met een betere leefkwaliteit de plaats in nemen van deze met een lagere leefkwaliteit.

image

 

Er kan geconcludeerd worden dat verstedelijking niet enkel gaat over een toenemend aantal stedelijke inwoners of een stijgend stadsoppervlak. Het gaat over een complete verandering van plattelandse kenmerken naar stedelijke, zowel op vlak van industriële structuur, werkgelegenheid, leefmilieu en sociale zekerheid. Hierbij kan de stad enkel maar duurzaam zijn als er een goed onderbouwde ruimtelijke planning  en beleid aanwezig is.

Bibliografie

Abdelnasser, R., & El Shirbeny, M. (2016). Impact of Industrial Activities on Land Surface Temperature Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques - A Case Study in Jubail, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters, s6. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.S6-002
Akbari, H., & Levinson, R. (2008). Evolution of cool-roof standards in the US. Advances in Building Energy Research, 2(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.3763/aber.2008.0201
Angel, S., & Sheppard, S. (2005). The dynamics of global urban expansion. Transport and Urban …. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09440
Armson, D., Stringer, P., & Ennos, A. R. (2013). The effect of street trees and amenity grass on urban surface water runoff in Manchester, UK. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 12(3), 282–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.04.001
Baigent, E. (2004). Patrick Geddes, Lewis Mumford and Jean Gottmann: divisions over “megalopolis.” Progress in Human Geography, 28, 687–700. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132504ph514oa
Bechtel, B., Alexander, P., Böhner, J., Ching, J., Conrad, O., Feddema, J., … Stewart, I. (2015). Mapping Local Climate Zones for a Worldwide Database of the Form and Function of Cities. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(1), 199–219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4010199
Bechtel, B., Demuzere, M., Sismanidis, P., Fenner, D., Brousse, O., Beck, C., … Verdonck, M.-L. (2017). Quality of Crowdsourced Data on Urban Morphology—The Human Influence Experiment (HUMINEX). Urban Science, 1(2), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci1020015
Bédard, F., Reichert, G., Dobbins, R., & Trépanier, I. (2008). Evaluation of segment-based gap-filled Landsat ETM+ SLC-off satellite data for land cover classification in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29(7), 2041–2054. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160701281064
Bettencourt, L. M. A., Lobo, J., Strumsky, D., & West, G. B. (2010). Urban scaling and its deviations: Revealing the structure of wealth, innovation and crime across cities. PLoS ONE, 5(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013541
Bohnenstengel, S. I., Hamilton, I., Davies, M., & Belcher, S. E. (2014). Impact of anthropogenic heat emissions on London’s temperatures. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 140(679), 687–698. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2144
Bonafoni, S., Baldinelli, G., Verducci, P., & Presciutti, A. (2017). Remote sensing techniques for urban heating analysis: A case study of sustainable construction at district level. Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081308
Breiman, L. (1999). Random Forests. Machine Learning, 45(5), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324
Cai, M., Ren, C., Xu, Y., Lau, K. K.-L., & Wang, R. (2017). Investigating the relationship between local climate zone and land surface temperature using an improved WUDAPT methodology – A case study of Yangtze River Delta, China. Urban Climate. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.05.010
Chakraborty, S. D., Kant, Y., & Mitra, D. (2015). Assessment of land surface temperature and heat fluxes over Delhi using remote sensing data. Journal of Environmental Management, 148, 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.034
48
Chan, C. K., & Yao, X. (2008). Air pollution in mega cities in China. Atmospheric Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003
Chander, G., Markham, B. L., Micijevic, E., Teillet, P. M., & Helder, D. L. (2005). Improvement in absolute calibration accuracy of Landsat-5 TM with Landsat-7 ETM+ data, 5882, 588209. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.620136
Changnon, S. A., Kunkel, K. E., & Reinke, B. C. (1996). Impacts and responses to the 1995 heat wave: A call to action. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(7), 1497–1506. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<1497:IARTTH>2.0.CO;2
Chen, X. L., Zhao, H. M., Li, P. X., & Yin, Z. Y. (2006). Remote sensing image-based analysis of the relationship between urban heat island and land use/cover changes. Remote Sensing of Environment, 104(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.11.016
Chow, G. C. (2004). Economic reform and growth in China. Annals of Economics and Finance., 152, 127–152. Retrieved from http://down.aefweb.net/AefArticles/aef050107.pdf
Chow, W. T. L., & Roth, M. (2006). Temporal dynamics of the urban heat island o Singapore. International Journal of Climatology, 26(26), 2243–2260. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc
Clarke, J. F. (1972). Some effects of the urban structure on heat mortality. Environmental Research, 5(1), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(72)90023-0
Clinton, N., & Gong, P. (2013). MODIS detected surface urban heat islands and sinks: Global locations and controls. Remote Sensing of Environment, 134, 294–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.03.008
Crane, P., & Kinzig, A. (2005). Nature in the metropolis. Science (New York, N.Y.), 308(5726), 1225. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1114165
Cui, Y., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Qin, Y. (2016). Influence of urbanization factors on surface urban heat island intensity: A comparison of countries at different developmental phases. Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080706
Dash, P., Göttsche, F. M., Olesen, F. S., & Fischer, H. (2005). Separating surface emissivity and temperature using two-channel spectral indices and emissivity composites and comparison with a vegetation fraction method. Remote Sensing of Environment, 96(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.12.023
Dobrovolný, P., & Krahula, L. (2015). The spatial variability of air temperature and nocturnal urban heat island intensity in the city of Brno, Czech Republic. Moravian Geographical Reports, 23(3), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2015-0013
Du, H., Wang, D., Wang, Y., Zhao, X., Qin, F., Jiang, H., & Cai, Y. (2016). Influences of land cover types, meteorological conditions, anthropogenic heat and urban area on surface urban heat island in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration. Science of the Total Environment, 571, 461–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.012
EPA. (2008). Urban heat island basics. In Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies | Heat Island Effect | US EPA (p. 22). Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/resources/compendium.htm
ESA. (2017). Land Surface Temperature. Retrieved from https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/user-guides/sentinel-3-slstr/over…
Esch, T., Marconcini, M., Felbier, A., Roth, A., Heldens, W., Huber, M., … Dech, S. (2013). Urban footprint processor-Fully automated processing chain generating settlement masks from global
49
data of the TanDEM-X mission. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 10(6), 1617–1621. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2013.2272953
Fang, C., & Yu, D. (2017). Urban agglomeration: An evolving concept of an emerging phenomenon. Landscape and Urban Planning, 162, 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.02.014
Fast, J. D., Torcolini, J. C., & Redman, R. (2005). Pseudovertical Temperature Profiles and the Urban Heat Island Measured by a Temperature Datalogger Network in Phoenix, Arizona. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 44, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM-2176.1
Fund, U. N. P. (2007). UNFPA state of world population 2007: unleashing the potential of urban growth. United Nations Population Fund.
Galve, J. M., Coll, C., Caselles, V., Valor, E., & Mira, M. (2008). Comparison of split-window and single-channel methods for land surface temperature retrieval from MODIS and aatsr data. In International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) (Vol. 3). https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2008.4779341
Gao, W., Wang, Y., Wang, B., Yang, Z., & Zhiming, Z. (2018). The urban agglomeration processes of Kunming and Yuxi cities driving by political driving forces in plateau of Yunnan, Southwest of China.
Geletič, J., Lehnert, M., & Dobrovolný, P. (2016). Land surface temperature differences within local climate zones, Based on two central European cities. Remote Sensing, 8(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8100788
Gong, P., Liang, S., Carlton, E. J., Jiang, Q., Wu, J., Wang, L., & Remais, J. V. (2012). Urbanisation and health in China. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61878-3
Gottmann, J. (1957). Megalopolis or the urbanization of the northeastern seaborn. Economic Geography, 33(3), 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.11.277.620
Grimm, N. B., Faeth, S. H., Golubiewski, N. E., Redman, C. L., Wu, J., Bai, X., & Briggs, J. M. (2008). Global Change and the Ecology of Cities. Science, 319(5864), 756–760. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1150195
Guo, Y., Zeng, H., Zheng, R., Li, S., Barnett, A. G., Zhang, S., … Williams, G. (2016). The association between lung cancer incidence and ambient air pollution in China: A spatiotemporal analysis. Environmental Research, 144, 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.004
Gutman, G., Byrnes, R., Masek, J. G., Covington, S., Justice, C. O., Franks, S., & Headley, R. (2008). Towards monitoring land-cover and land-use changes at a global scale: The Global Land Survey 2005. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 75(1), 6–10.
Haacke, O. (2015). Understanding China’s 13th five-year plan. China Business Review.
Haaland, C., & van den Bosch, C. K. (2015). Challenges and strategies for urban green-space planning in cities undergoing densification: A review. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.07.009
Hakim, G. J., Snyder, C., & Muraki, D. J. (2002). A New Surface Model for Cyclone – Anticyclone Asymmetry. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 59(16), 2405–2420.
Hossain, M. S., Bujang, J. S., Zakaria, M. H., & Hashim, M. (2015). Assessment of the impact of Landsat 7 Scan Line Corrector data gaps on Sungai Pulai Estuary seagrass mapping. Applied Geomatics, 7(3), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-015-0162-3
50
Huang, B., Wang, B., Ren, D., Jin, W., Liu, J., Peng, J., & Pan, X. (2013). Occurrence, removal and bioaccumulation of steroid estrogens in Dianchi Lake catchment, China. Environment International, 59, 262–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.018
Huang, R.-J., Zhang, Y., Bozzetti, C., Ho, K.-F., Cao, J.-J., Han, Y., … Prévôt, A. S. H. (2014). High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13774
Imhoff, M. L., Zhang, P., Wolfe, R. E., & Bounoua, L. (2010). Remote sensing of the urban heat island effect across biomes in the continental USA. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(3), 504–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.10.008
Jian, H., Pan, H., Xiong, G., & Lin, X. (2017). The Impacts of Civil Airport layout to Yunnan Local Tourism Industry. In Transportation Research Procedia (Vol. 25, pp. 77–91). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.383
Jimenez-Munoz, J. C., Cristobal, J., Sobrino, J. A., Sòria, G., Ninyerola, M., & Pons, X. (2009). Revision of the single-channel algorithm for land surface temperature retrieval from landsat thermal-infrared data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 47(1), 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2008.2007125
Jiménez-Muñoz, J. C., & Sobrino, J. A. (2006). Error sources on the land surface temperature retrieved from thermal infrared single channel remote sensing data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27(5), 999–1014. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160500075907
Jin, M., Dickinson, R. E., & Zhang, D. L. (2005). The footprint of urban areas on global climate as characterized by MODIS. Journal of Climate, 18(10), 1551–1565. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3334.1
Jin, M. S., Kessomkiat, W., & Pereira, G. (2011). Satellite-observed urbanization characters in Shanghai, China: Aerosols, urban heat Island effect, and land-atmosphere interactions. Remote Sensing, 3(1), 83–99. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs3010083
Kaloustian, N., & Bechtel, B. (2016). Local Climatic Zoning and Urban Heat Island in Beirut. In Procedia Engineering (Vol. 169, pp. 216–223). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.10.026
Kanmei, H., & Minqi, S. (2017). The Investigation and Analysis about the Problem of the House for the Elderly — Taking the Evergreen Apartment in Kunming for Example Huang Kanmei and Shen Minqi, 48, 481–488.
Karl, T. R., & Quayle, R. G. (1988). Climate change in fact and in theory: Are we collecting the facts? Climatic Change, 13(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00140159
Katzschner, A., Waibel, M., Schwede, D., Katzschner, L., Schmidt, M., & Storch, H. (2015). Sustainable Ho Chi Minh City: Climate policies for emerging mega cities. Sustainable Ho Chi Minh City: Climate Policies for Emerging Mega Cities. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04615-0
Kim, H. H. (1992). Urban heat island. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 13(12), 2319–2336. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169208904271
Kim, Y.-H., & Baik, J.-J. (2002). Maximum Urban Heat Island Intensity in Seoul. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 41(6), 651–659. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0651:MUHIII>2.0.CO;2
Kipnis, B. A. (1997). Dynamics and Potentials of Israel’s Megalopolitan Processes. Urban Studies, 34(3), 489–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098976096
Konopacki, S., & Akbari, H. (2002). Energy Savings of Heat-Island Reduction Strategies in Chicago and
51
Houston (Including Updates for Baton Rouge, Sacramento, and Salt Lake City). Energy, (February), 1–53. https://doi.org/LBNL-49638
Kotthaus, S., & Grimmond, C. S. B. (2012). Identification of Micro-scale Anthropogenic CO2, heat and moisture sources - Processing eddy covariance fluxes for a dense urban environment. Atmospheric Environment, 57, 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.024
Kovats, R. S., & Hajat, S. (2008). Heat Stress and Public Health: A Critical Review. Annual Review of Public Health, 29(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090843
Li, F. (2016). Physical activity and health in the presence of China’s economic growth: Meeting the public health challenges of the aging population. Journal of Sport and Health Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.06.004
Li, J., Song, C., Cao, L., Zhu, F., Meng, X., & Wu, J. (2011). Impacts of landscape structure on surface urban heat islands: A case study of Shanghai, China. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115(12), 3249–3263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.07.008
Li, J., Wang, X., Wang, X., Ma, W., & Zhang, H. (2009). Remote sensing evaluation of urban heat island and its spatial pattern of the Shanghai metropolitan area, China. Ecological Complexity, 6(4), 413–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.02.002
Li, X., Zhou, W., & Ouyang, Z. (2013). Forty years of urban expansion in Beijing: What is the relative importance of physical, socioeconomic, and neighborhood factors? Applied Geography, 38(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.11.004
Li, X., Zhou, Y., Asrar, G. R., Imhoff, M., & Li, X. (2017). The surface urban heat island response to urban expansion: A panel analysis for the conterminous United States. Science of the Total Environment, 605–606, 426–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.229
Li, Y., Zhu, L., Zhao, X., Li, S., & Yan, Y. (2013). Urbanization impact on temperature change in china with emphasis on land cover change and human activity. Journal of Climate, 26(22), 8765–8780. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00698.1
Li, Z.-L., Tang, B.-H., Wu, H., Ren, H., Yan, G., Wan, Z., … Sobrino, J. a. (2013). Satellite-derived land surface temperature: Current status and perspectives. Remote Sensing of Environment, 131, 14–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.008
Li, Z.-L., Wu, H., Wang, N., Qiu, S., Sobrino, J. A., Wan, Z., … Yan, G. (2013). Land surface emissivity retrieval from satellite data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 34(9–10), 3084–3127. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2012.716540
Lillesand, T., Kiefer, R., & Chipman, J. (2015). Remote sensing and image interpretation Seventh Ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
Linh, N. H. K., & Van Chuong, H. (2015). Assessing the impact of urbanization on urban climate by remote sensing perspective: A case study in Danang city, Vietnam. In International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives (Vol. 40, pp. 207–212). https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-7-W3-207-2015
Liu, Y., He, S., Wu, F., & Webster, C. (2010). Urban villages under China’s rapid urbanization: Unregulated assets and transitional neighbourhoods. Habitat International, 34(2), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.08.003
Lo, C. P., & Quattrochi, D. A. (2003). Land-use and land-cover change, urban heat island phenomenon, and health implications: A remote sensing approach. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 69(9), 1053–1063.
52
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.69.9.1053
Luo, J., & Wei, Y. H. D. (2009). Modeling spatial variations of urban growth patterns in Chinese cities: The case of Nanjing. Landscape and Urban Planning, 91(2), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.11.010
Malekipirbazari, M., & Aksakalli, V. (2015). Risk assessment in social lending via random forests. Expert Systems with Applications, 42(10), 4621–4631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2015.02.001
Mao, X., Zhou, J., & Corsetti, G. (2014). How well have Chinas recent five-year plans been implemented for energy conservation and air pollution control? Environmental Science and Technology, 48(17), 10036–10044. https://doi.org/10.1021/es501729d
Martin, P., Baudouin, Y., & Gachon, P. (2015). An alternative method to characterize the surface urban heat island. Int J Biometeorol, 59(7), 849–861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0902-9
Maxwell, S. K., Schmidt, G. L., & Storey, J. C. (2007). A multi-scale segmentation approach to filling gaps in Landsat ETM+ SLC-off images. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28(23), 5339–5356. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160601034902
McPherson, E. G., van Doorn, N., & de Goede, J. (2016). Structure, function and value of street trees in California, USA. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 17, 104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.03.013
Memon, A. R., Leung, D., & Chunho, L. (2008). A review on the generation, determination and mitigation of Urban Heat Island. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20(1), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)60019-4
Meng, C. (2017). Mitigating the surface urban heat island: Mechanism study and sensitivity analysis. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 53(3), 327–338.
Mingers, J. (1989). An Empirical Comparison of Pruning Methods for Decision Tree Induction. Machine Learning, 4(2), 227–243. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022604100933
Mölders, N. (2012). Impact of Land-Cover and Land-Cover Changes. In Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes: Impact on Climate and Air Quality (pp. 39–115). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1527-1_3
Nace, T. (2017). China Shuts Down Tens Of Thousands Of Factories In Widespread Pollution Crackdown. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/kpmg/2018/04/23/the-changing-nature-of-wor…
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2004). China statistical yearbook. Beijing: Chinese Statistical Bureau, 62791819. https://doi.org/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexee.htm
Nikam, B. R., Ibragimov, F., Chouksey, A., Garg, V., & Aggarwal, S. P. (2016). Retrieval of land surface temperature from Landsat 8 TIRS for the command area of Mula irrigation project. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(16). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5952-3
Nowak, D. J., Civerolo, K. L., Trivikrama Rao, S., Gopal Sistla, Luley, C. J., & E. Crane, D. (2000). A modeling study of the impact of urban trees on ozone. Atmospheric Environment, 34(10), 1601–1613. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00394-5
Nyambod, E. M. (2010). Environmental Consequences of Rapid Urbanisation: Bamenda City, Cameroon. Journal of Environmental Protection, 1(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2010.11003
53
Oke, T. R. (1982). The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 108(455), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710845502
Oke, T. R. (1987). Boundary Layer Climates. Earth-Science Reviews (Vol. 27). https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(90)90005-G
Owen, T. W., Carlson, T. N., & Gillies, R. R. (1998). An assessment of satellite remotely-sensed land cover parameters in quantitatively describing the climatic effect of urbanization. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 19(9), 1663–1681. https://doi.org/10.1080/014311698215171
Pachauri, R. K., Allen, M. R., Barros, V. R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., … van Ypserle, J. P. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. EPIC3Geneva, Switzerland, IPCC, 151 P., Pp. 151, ISBN: 978-92-9169-143-2. Retrieved from http://epic.awi.de/37530/%5Cnpapers2://publication/uuid/27ADFB35-E92B-4…
Pal, M., & Mather, P. M. (2003). An assessment of the effectiveness of decision tree methods for land cover classification. Remote Sensing of Environment, 86(4), 554–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00132-9
Peng, S.-S., Piao, S., Zeng, Z., Ciais, P., Zhou, L., Li, L. Z. X., … Zeng, H. (2014). Afforestation in China cools local land surface temperature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(8), 2915–2919. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315126111
Peng, S., Piao, S., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Ottle, C., Bréon, F. M., … Myneni, R. B. (2012). Surface urban heat island across 419 global big cities. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(2), 696–703. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2030438
Petäjä, T., Järvi, L., Kerminen, V.-M., Ding, A. J., Sun, J. N., Nie, W., … Kulmala, M. (2016). Enhanced air pollution via aerosol-boundary layer feedback in China. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 18998. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18998
Peterson, T. C. (2003). Assessment of urban versus rural in situ surface temperatures in the contiguous United States: No difference found. Journal of Climate, 16(18), 2941–2959. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2941:AOUVRI>2.0.CO;2
Phelan, P. E., Kaloush, K., Miner, M., Golden, J., Phelan, B., Silva, H., & Taylor, R. A. (2015). Urban Heat Island: Mechanisms, Implications, and Possible Remedies. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 40(1), 285–307. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021155
Pongracz, R., Bartholy, J., & Dezso, Z. (2006). Remotely sensed thermal information applied to urban climate analysis. Advances in Space Research, 37(12), 2191–2196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.069
Potić, I. (2015). Simple ETM+ gap fill techniques review. Environment Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 3(1), 31–37.
Practices, U. (2010). Planning Sustainable Cities Un-Habitat Practices. Sustainable development in Africa a multifaceted. Retrieved from http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/GRHS_2009Brief.pdf
Qiyan, W., Jianquan, C., Dan, L., Li, H., & Yuhong, Y. (2015). Kunming: A Regional International Mega City in Southwest China. In R. B. Singh (Ed.), Urban Development Challenges, Risks and Resilience in Asian Mega Cities (pp. 323–347). Springer Japan.
Qu, W. J., Arimoto, R., Zhang, X. Y., Zhao, C. H., Wang, Y. Q., Sheng, L. F., & Fu, G. (2010). Spatial
54
distribution and interannual variation of surface PM10 concentrations over eighty-six Chinese cities. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10(12), 5641–5662. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5641-2010
Reid, W. V. (1998). Biodiversity Hotspots. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 13(7), 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5
Rooney, C., McMichael, A. J., Kovats, R. S., & Coleman, M. P. (1998). Excess mortality in England and Wales, and in Greater London, during the 1995 heatwave. J Epidemiol Community Health, 52(8), 482–486. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.52.8.482
Rosenfeld, A. H., Akbari, H., Romm, J. J., & Pomerantz, M. (1998). Cool communities: Strategies for heat island mitigation and smog reduction. Energy and Buildings, 28(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(97)00063-7
Roth, M., Oke, T. R., & Emery, W. J. (1989). Satellite-derived urban heat islands from three coastal cities and the utilization of such data in urban climatology. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 10(11), 1699–1720. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431168908904002
Roy, A. (2011). Re-Forming the Megacity: Calcutta and the Rural–Urban Interface. In Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability (pp. 93–109). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99267-7
Rozenstein, O., Qin, Z., Derimian, Y., & Karnieli, A. (2014). Derivation of land surface temperature for landsat-8 TIRS using a split window algorithm. Sensors (Switzerland), 14(4), 5768–5780. https://doi.org/10.3390/s140405768
Salisbury, J. W., & D’Aria, D. M. (1994). Emissivity of terrestrial materials in the 3-5 μm atmospheric window. Remote Sensing of Environment, 47(3), 345–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(94)90102-3
Scally. (2013). How bad is Kunming’s air? Life Newspaper.
Scally. (2016). River diversion to flush pollution out of Yunnan’s Dianchi Lake.
Scally. (2017). Urban re-greening effort to include 37 new Kunming parks. News.
Scaramuzza, P., Micijevic, E., & Chander, G. (2004). SLC Gap-Filled Products Phase One Methodology. Landsat Technical Notes, 1–5.
Scarano, M., & Sobrino, J. A. (2015). On the relationship between the sky view factor and the land surface temperature derived by Landsat-8 images in Bari, Italy. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 36(19–20), 4820–4835. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2015.1070325
See, L., Perger, C., Duerauer, M., Fritz, S., Bechtel, B., Ching, J., … Masson, V. (2015). Developing a community-based worldwide urban morphology and materials database (WUDAPT) using remote sensing and crowdsourcing for improved urban climate modelling. In 2015 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event, JURSE 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/JURSE.2015.7120501
Seto, K., Guneralp, B., & Hutyra, L. (2012). Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(40), 16083–16088. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211658109
Shirouzu, N., & Jourdan, A. (2017). China sets 2019 deadline for automakers to meet green-car sales targets. Business News.
Singh, S. K., Srivastava, P. K., Gupta, M., Thakur, J. K., & Mukherjee, S. (2014). Appraisal of land use/land cover of mangrove forest ecosystem using support vector machine. Environmental
55
Earth Sciences, 71(5), 2245–2255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2628-0
Smargiassi, A., Goldberg, M. S., Plante, C., Fournier, M., Baudouin, Y., & Kosatsky, T. (2009). Variation of daily warm season mortality as a function of micro-urban heat islands. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 63(8), 659–664. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.078147
Soares, A. L., Rego, F. C., McPherson, E. G., Simpson, J. R., Peper, P. J., & Xiao, Q. (2011). Benefits and costs of street trees in Lisbon, Portugal. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 10(2), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2010.12.001
Sobrino, J. A., Caselles, V., & Coll, C. (1993). Theoretical split-window algorithms for determining the actual surface temperature. Il Nuovo Cimento C, 16(3), 219–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02524225
Sobrino, J. A., Jiménez-Muñoz, J. C., Sòria, G., Romaguera, M., Guanter, L., Moreno, J., … Martínez, P. (2008). Land surface emissivity retrieval from different VNIR and TIR sensors. In IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (Vol. 46, pp. 316–327). https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2007.904834
Sokolova, M., & Lapalme, G. (2009). A systematic analysis of performance measures for classification tasks. Information Processing and Management, 45(4), 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2009.03.002
Solecki, W., Rosenzweig, C., Parshall, L., Pope, G., Clark, M., Cox, J., & Wiencke, M. (2005). Mitigation of the heat island effect in urban New Jersey. Environmental Hazards, 6(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazards.2004.12.002
Stewart, I. D. (2011). A systematic review and scientific critique of methodology in modern urban heat island literature. International Journal of Climatology. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2141
Stewart, I. D., & Oke, T. R. (2006). Methodological Concerns Surrounding the Classification of Urban and Rural Climate Stations To Define Urban Heat Island Magnitude. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Urban Climate (pp. 431–444).
Stewart, I. D., & Oke, T. R. (2012). Local climate zones for urban temperature studies. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93(12), 1879–1900. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1
Stewart, I. D., Oke, T. R., Bechtel, B., Foley, M. M., Mills, G., Ching, J., … Ce, D. (2015). Generating WUDAPT’s Specific Scale -dependent Urban Modeling and Activity Parameters: Collection of Level 1 and Level 2 Data. ICUC9, Toulouse, France (20-24 July), 5(4), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Storey, J., Scaramuzza, P., Schmidt, G., & Barsi, J. (2005). Landsat 7 Scan Line Corrector-Off Gap-Filled Product Gap-Filled Product Development Process. In Proceedings of Pecora, 16, 23–27. Retrieved from http://www.asprs.org/a/publications/proceedings/pecora16/Storey_J.pdf
Streutker, D. R. (2002). A remote sensing study of the urban heat island of Houston, Texas. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 23(13), 2595–2608. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160110115023
Su, S., Jiang, Z., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, Y. (2011). Transformation of agricultural landscapes under rapid urbanization: A threat to sustainability in Hang-Jia-Hu region, China. Applied Geography, 31(2), 439–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.10.008
Taha, H. (1997). Urban climates and heat islands: albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic
56
heat. Energy and Buildings, 25(2), 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(96)00999-1
Teh, C. Y., Budiman, P. M., Shak, K. P. Y., & Wu, T. Y. (2016). Recent Advancement of Coagulation-Flocculation and Its Application in Wastewater Treatment. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04703
The state council. (2016). China announces action plan to tackle water pollution. Retrieved from http://english.gov.cn/policies/latest_releases/2015/04/16/content_28147…
The world bank. (2014). Urban China: Toward Efficient, Inclusive, and Sustainable Urbanization. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/EAP/China/WEB-…
Thi Van, T., & Xuan Bao, H. D. (2010). Study of the impact of urban development on surface temperature using remote sensing in Ho Chi Minh City, Northern Vietnam. Geographical Research, 48(1), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2009.00607.x
Tran, H., Uchihama, D., Ochi, S., & Yasuoka, Y. (2006). Assessment with satellite data of the urban heat island effects in Asian mega cities. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 8(1), 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2005.05.003
Un. (2004). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision. New York (Vol. 17). Retrieved from http://opac.rero.ch/get_bib_record.cgi?db=ne&#38;rero_id=R004601639
Un-Habitat. (2003). The Challenge of Slums - Global Report on Human Settlements. Earthscan Publications on behalf of UN-Habitat. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq.2004.15.3.337.3
United Nations, D. of E. and S. A.-P. D. (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision (CD-ROM Edition). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, CD-ROM Edition, CD-ROM Edition. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2005.12.9
Verdonck, M., Okujeni, A., Linden, S. Van Der, & Demuzere, M. (2017). Influence of neighbourhood on Local Climate Zone mapping in heterogeneous cities. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinformation, 62(Figure 1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing
Vlassova, L., Perez-Cabello, F., Nieto, H., Martín, P., Riaño, D., & Riva, J. D. La. (2014). Assessment of methods for land surface temperature retrieval from landsat-5 TM images applicable to multiscale tree-grass ecosystem modeling. Remote Sensing, 6(5), 4345–4368. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6054345
Voogt, J. ., & Oke, T. . (2003). Thermal remote sensing of urban climates. Remote Sensing of Environment, 86(3), 370–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00079-8
Wan, Z. (1996). A generalized split-window algorithm for retrieving land-surface temperature from space. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 34(4), 892–905. https://doi.org/10.1109/36.508406
Wang, R., Tao, S., Wang, W., Liu, J., Shen, H., Shen, G., … Ma, J. (2012). Black carbon emissions in China from 1949 to 2050. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(14), 7595–7603. https://doi.org/10.1021/es3003684
Wang, X., Guo, W., Qiu, B., Liu, Y., Sun, J., & Ding, A. (2016). Quantifying the contribution of land use change to surface temperature in the lower reaches of Yangtze River. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-1013
Wang, X., Yao, J., Yu, S., Miao, C., Chen, W., & He, X. (2018). Street trees in a Chinese forest city:
57
Structure, benefits and costs. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030674
Wu, J., Wei-Ning Xiang, & Zhao, J. (2014). Urban ecology in China: Historical developments and future directions. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 222–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.02.010
Wu, N., Qiao, M., Zhang, B., Cheng, W. Da, & Zhu, Y. G. (2010). Abundance and diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in soils adjacent to representative swine feedlots in China. Environmental Science and Technology, 44(18), 6933–6939. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1007802
Wulder, M. A., White, J. C., Masek, J. G., Dwyer, J., & Roy, D. P. (2011). Continuity of Landsat observations: Short term considerations. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115(2), 747–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.11.002
Xiao, M., Lin, Y., Han, J., & Zhang, G. (2014). A review of green roof research and development in China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.147
Xu, Y., Ren, C., Cai, M., Edward, N. Y. Y., & Wu, T. (2017). Classification of Local Climate Zones Using ASTER and Landsat Data for High-Density Cities. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 10(7), 3397–3405. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2017.2683484
Yang, F., Tan, J., Zhao, Q., Du, Z., He, K., Ma, Y., … Zhao, Q. (2011). Characteristics of PM2.5 speciation in representative megacities and across China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11(11), 5207–5219. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5207-2011
Yang, G., Wang, Y., Zeng, Y., Gao, G. F., Liang, X., Zhou, M., … Murray, C. J. L. (2013). Rapid health transition in China, 1990-2010: Findings from the Global Burden of disease study 2010. The Lancet, 381(9882), 1987–2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61097-1
Yang, X., & Lo, C. P. (2002). Using a time series of satellite imagery to detect land use and land cover changes in the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 23(9), 1775–1798. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160110075802
Yang, Y.-H., Zhou, F., Guo, H.-C., Sheng, H., Liu, H., Dao, X., & He, C.-J. (2010). Analysis of spatial and temporal water pollution patterns in Lake Dianchi using multivariate statistical methods. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 170(1–4), 407–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1242-9
Yeh, A., Xu, X. ., & Liu, K. (2011). China’s post-reform urbanization: retrospect, policies and trends. Urbanization and Population Issues, (5).
Yu, X., Guo, X., & Wu, Z. (2014). Land surface temperature retrieval from landsat 8 TIRS-comparison between radiative transfer equation-based method, split window algorithm and single channel method. Remote Sensing, 6(10), 9829–9852. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6109829
Zhang, H., Qi, Z. fang, Ye, X. yue, Cai, Y. bin, Ma, W. chun, & Chen, M. nan. (2013). Analysis of land use/land cover change, population shift, and their effects on spatiotemporal patterns of urban heat islands in metropolitan Shanghai, China. Applied Geography, 44, 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.07.021
Zhang, P., Imhoff, M. L., Wolfe, R. E., & Bounoua, L. (2010). Characterizing urban heat islands of global settlements using MODIS and nighttime lights products. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 36(3), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.5589/m10-039
Zhao, J.Z., Cui, S.H., Yan, C.Z. and Guo, Q. H. (2009). Theoretical thinking in sustainable city
58
construction of China. Huan Jing Ke Xue= Huanjing Kexue/[bian Ji, Zhongguo Ke Xue Yuan Huan Jing Ke Xue Wei Yuan hui“ Huan Jing Ke Xue” bian Ji Wei Yuan Hui.], 30(4), 1244–1248.
Zhao, J. Z., Liu, H. P., & Dong, R. C. (2008). Sustainable urban development: Policy framework for sustainable consumption and production. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 15(4), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.3843/SusDev.15.4:5
Zhao, L., Lee, X., Smith, R. B., & Oleson, K. (2014). Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands. Nature, 511(7508), 216–219. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13462
Zhou, W., Huang, G., & Cadenasso, M. L. (2011). Does spatial configuration matter? Understanding the effects of land cover pattern on land surface temperature in urban landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 102(1), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.03.009
Zhou, X., & Wang, Y. C. (2010). Dynamics of Land Surface Temperature in Response to Land-Use/Cover Change. Geographical Research, 49(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2010.00686.x

Universiteit of Hogeschool
Bio-ingenieurswetenschappen
Publicatiejaar
2018
Promotor(en)
Frieke Van Coillie, Robert De Wulf
Kernwoorden
Share this on: