De intergenerationele transmissie van racisme en autoritarisme: De modererende invloed van intergroepcontact.
Racisme: Jong geleerd is (niet noodzakelijk) oud gedaan.
Hoe intenser het racisme van ouders is, hoe sterker de raciale vooroordelen van hun adolescente kinderen zullen zijn, zo blijkt uit recent onderzoek. Toch is de werkelijkheid minder dramatisch en eenzijdig dan op het eerste zicht zou lijken. Positieve ervaringen met allochtonen kunnen volgens onderzoekers immers zelfs de extreemste racisten tot inkeer doen komen.
Met het proces tegen de neonazi's van het extreemrechtse Bloed Bodem Eer Trouw en de herhaaldelijke berichten over racisme in de voetbalwereld vers in het geheugen, kan racisme vandaag de dag nog steeds gezien worden als een alom aanwezig maatschappelijk probleem. Ook in de Vlaamse klaslokalen is racisme helaas niet onbestaand.
Een thesisstudent in de klinische psychologie van de Universiteit Gent onderzocht het racisme van honderd Vlaamse middelbare scholieren en hun ouders met behulp van vragenlijsten. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat de racistische opvattingen onder adolescenten voor een deel te verklaren zijn door het racisme van hun ouders. Het gedachtegoed wordt mogelijks expliciet meegegeven in de opvoeding, of het gedrag van ouders wordt simpelweg geïmiteerd door de kinderen. Ook de mate van Rechts Autoritarisme, zowel bij ouders als bij de kinderen zelf, speelt volgens de resultaten van het onderzoek een duidelijke rol. Dit Rechts Autoritarisme is een persoonlijkheidskenmerk dat eveneens wordt doorgegeven van generatie op generatie en zich uit in een conservatieve houding en onderwerping aan autoriteit.
Indien de adolescenten veel contact hadden met allochtonen, werden hun raciale vooroordelen echter veel minder gestuurd door autoritarisme en het racisme van hun ouders, maar hoofdzakelijk door hun eigen ervaringen en contacten. De interacties met mensen uit minderheidsgroepen, ook wel intergroepcontact genoemd, treedt met andere woorden op als buffer tegen de andere onderzochte invloeden op de ontwikkeling van racisme.
Uit deze bevindingen zijn enkele richtlijnen af te leiden voor de ontwikkeling van effectieve vormen van racismebestrijding. Zo is het bijvoorbeeld van essentieel belang om het positieve contact met minderheidsgroepen de maximaliseren. Daarnaast is het ook belangrijk om negatieve ervaringen met allochtonen zo veel mogelijk te beperken. Een ideale context om dit te realiseren is natuurlijk het klaslokaal. Samen opdrachten volbrengen of collectief deelnemen aan leuke activiteiten zijn simpele, maar toch krachtige hulpmiddelen die makkelijk ingezet kunnen worden vanaf een jonge leeftijd. Het spreekwoord luidt immers nog steeds: Jong geleerd is oud gedaan.
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